Effect of a Glutamine-Supplemented Diet on Response to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Mice.

Suzuki, Isao; Matsumoto, Yōko; Adjei, Andrew A.; Asato, Liu; Shinjo, Sumie; Yamamoto, Shigeru

doi:10.3177/jnsv.39.405

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It has been suggested previously that the ratio between dietary protein and carbohydrates impacts the immune system (31)(32)(33). In the current study, the protein/carbohydrate ratio did not influence survival during sepsis.…”

Section: Figsupporting

confidence: 51%

Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Increase Survival and Decrease Bacterial Load during Septic Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Improve Neutrophil Function in Mice

et al. 2015

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Severe infection, including sepsis, is an increasing clinical problem that causes prolonged morbidity and substantial mortality. At present, antibiotics are essentially the only pharmacological treatment for sepsis. The incidence of resistance to antibiotics is increasing; therefore, it is critical to find new therapies for sepsis. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of septic mortality. Neutrophils play an important role in the defense against bacterial infections. We have shown that a diet with high levels of dietary saturated fatty acids decreases survival in septic mice, but the mechanisms behind this remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate how the differences in dietary fat composition affect survival and bacterial load after experimental septic infection and neutrophil function in uninfected mice. We found that, after S. aureus infection, mice fed a polyunsaturated high-fat diet (HFD-P) for 8 weeks had increased survival and decreased bacterial load during sepsis compared with mice fed a saturated high-fat diet (HFD-S), similar to mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD). Uninfected mice fed HFD-P had a higher frequency of neutrophils in bone marrow than mice fed HFD-S. In addition, mice fed HFD-P had a higher frequency of neutrophils recruited to the site of inflammation in response to peritoneal injection of thioglycolate than mice fed HFD-S. Differences between the proportion of dietary protein and carbohydrate did not affect septic survival at all. In conclusion, polyunsaturated dietary fat increased both survival and efficiency of bacterial clearance during septic S. aureus infection. Moreover, this diet increased the frequency and chemotaxis of neutrophils, key components of the immune response to S. aureus infections. Sepsis is often a deadly disease, and survival frequently is associated with severe complications. Sepsis has been divided into sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock (1). The mortality rate for severe sepsis is 25 to 30% and for septic shock is 40 to 70% (2). The incidence of sepsis, especially the form caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, is increasing worldwide (3). The administration of antibiotics presently is one of the very few ways to pharmacologically treat septic patients (4). However, antibiotic resistance is increasing and is a great challenge to health care in general (5, 6). Treatment of S. aureus infections has been hampered by the occurrence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, which are becoming increasingly resistant to multiple antibiotics. Sepsis has been considered a hyperinflammatory disease in which the early phase is dominated by proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1␤ (IL-1␤), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣) (7). Therefore, a large effort has been put into finding an anti-inflammatory treatment for sepsis. However, numerous large-scale anti-inflammatory treatment trials have failed (8,9). Because of these setbacks, a new explanatory model has been proposed with an initial hyperinflam...

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Section: Figsupporting

confidence: 51%

Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Increase Survival and Decrease Bacterial Load during Septic Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Improve Neutrophil Function in Mice

et al. 2015

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“…Powanda et al (1975) and Berendt et al (1977). Suzuki et al (1993) found increased survival in mice challenged with Staphylococcus aureus when given glutamine supplementation. Unfortunately, the change in pathogen load and performance over time for different bacterial and viral pathogens has not been measured extensively, whilst nutrition has been manipulated.…”

Section: Partitioning Of Scarce Protein and Energy Resources During Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of pathogen challenges on the performance of naïve and immune animals: the problem of prediction

Sandberg

Emmans

Kyriazakis

2007

Animal

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Predictive frameworks for performance under both physical and social stressors are available, but no general framework yet exists for predicting the performance of animals exposed to pathogens. The aim of this paper was to identify the key problems that would need to be solved to achieve this. Challenges of a range of hosts by a range of pathogens were reviewed to consider reductions in growth beyond those associated with reductions in voluntary food intake (VFI). Pair-feeding and marginal response studies identified the extent and mechanisms of how further reductions in growth occur beyond those caused by reduced VFI. Further reductions in growth depended on the pathogen, the host and the dose and were time dependent. In some instances the reduction in VFI fully explained the reduction in growth. Marginal response experiments showed increased maintenance requirements during exposure to pathogens, but these were different for specific amino acids. There were no clear effects on marginal efficiency. Innate immune functions, repair of damaged tissue and expression of acquired immunity caused significant but variable increases in protein (amino acid) requirements. More resistant genotypes had greater requirements for mounting immune responses. The partitioning of protein (amino acids) was found to be different during pathogen challenges. Prediction of the requirements and partitioning of amino acids between growth and immune functions appears to be a crucial problem to solve in order to predict performance during pathogen challenges of different kinds and doses. The problems of accounting for reductions in performance during pathogen challenges that are described here provide a useful starting point for future modelling and experimental solutions.Keywords: diseases, energy, growth, pathogens, protein IntroductionPredicting the effects of physical (Black et al., 1986;Wellock et al., 2003a), social (Wellock et al., 2003b and infectious (Black et al., 1999) stressors on performance is important for guiding future management, genetic selection and experimental strategies. No general model exists that predicts growth and performance of different host genotypes, when given access to different kinds of foods and challenged by pathogens. The aim of this paper was to characterise reductions in growth during exposure to different kinds and amounts of pathogen that were not caused by a reduction in voluntary food intake (Sandberg et al., 2006). This allowed for the main consequences of pathogen challenges that would need addressing in a predictive framework of growth to be identified.There is no general agreement on the overall problems that need solving in order to predict growth during pathogen challenges (Black et al., 1999; Coop and Kyriazakis, 1999;Kyriazakis, 2003;Powanda and Beisel, 2003). A general comprehensive model can provide a clearer background for the design of future experiments, and help improve our current understanding of the interactions between pathogen challenge, the host and its nutrition. To achieve t...

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“…Studies in VLBW infants found that glutamine supplementation resulted in decreased morbidity and hospital costs (3)(4)(5). Additionally, studies in rodents found that glutamine supplementation provides protection against sepsis and subsequent distal organ damage (6,7). The mechanisms of how glutamine acts to promote these beneficial effects are not known.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Glutamine Supplementation and Deprivation: Effect on Artificially Reared Rat Small Intestinal Morphology

POTSIC

2002

Pediatric Research

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The mechanisms of how glutamine benefits critically ill patients have not been established. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dietary and endogenously produced glutamine on small intestinal morphology using light and transmission electron microscopy in artificially reared rat pups. It was hypothesized that deprivation of dietary glutamine leads to intestinal disease that is exacerbated by inhibition of glutamine synthetase by methionine sulfoximine (MS). Rat pups were placed into five different test groups: The first was a reference group that was reared by their mother. The other four groups were reared artificially and received a 10% Travasol amino acid solution at 5 g/kg per day, which does not contain glutamine, added to a mixture containing carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins. This dose was chosen because it represents an approximation of the amount of glutamine these rats would be receiving in a normal rat diet (approximately 40 g/kg per day total protein, 10 to 15% of which is glutamine ϩ glutamate). The glutamine was manipulated by adding glutamine (Q) or MS or both. The four groups were as follows: MSϪQϪ, MSϪQϩ, MSϩQϪ, and MSϩQϩ. Light microscopy revealed the greatest blunting of villus height in the ileum of rats from the MSϩQϪ group when compared with the MSϪQϩ group (123 Ϯ 48.9 m versus 207 Ϯ 36 m, p Ͻ 0.05). The other two groups exhibited intermediate villus heights, but all were shorter than the villi from the mother-reared animals. The number of villi per unit length of bowel was also lowest in the animals that were treated with MS and not provided with dietary glutamine. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated breakdown of the epithelial junctions in the glutamine-deprived and glutamine synthetase-inhibited intestines. Glutamine-deprived animals also displayed sloughing of microvilli, decreased actin cores, and degeneration of the terminal web. In summary, these studies support the hypothesis that glutamine is involved with maintenance of intestinal epithelial integrity. Previous studies have found that glutamine supplementation significantly decreases morbidity among critically ill patients. Adult bone marrow transplant recipients who received glutamine i.v. had significant decreases in length of hospital stay, hospital-acquired sepsis, and hospital costs (1, 2). Studies in VLBW infants found that glutamine supplementation resulted in decreased morbidity and hospital costs (3-5). Additionally, studies in rodents found that glutamine supplementation provides protection against sepsis and subsequent distal organ damage (6, 7). The mechanisms of how glutamine acts to promote these beneficial effects are not known. However, there is evidence that its effect on intestinal mucosal integrity may play a role. The addition of glutamine to TPN has been demonstrated to maintain the integrity of small intestinal mucosa, therefore, preventing the atrophy typically noted with TPN (8). In a previous study of multiple animal species, administration of glutaminase decreased plasma g...

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Effect of a Glutamine-Supplemented Diet on Response to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Mice.

Cited by 31 publications

References 14 publications

Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Increase Survival and Decrease Bacterial Load during Septic Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Improve Neutrophil Function in Mice

Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Increase Survival and Decrease Bacterial Load during Septic Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Improve Neutrophil Function in Mice

The effects of pathogen challenges on the performance of naïve and immune animals: the problem of prediction

Glutamine Supplementation and Deprivation: Effect on Artificially Reared Rat Small Intestinal Morphology

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