“…In such a way, the overall shape of the quantum dot, the atomic structure of the wetting layers and dot, and the presence and effect of doping atoms can be studied. The solid that contains the self-assembled quantum dots can be cleaved under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions, enabling cross-sectional microscopy and energy-level spectroscopy (refs , , , , − , − , − , , and − ). Recently, cross-sectional microscopy has been combined with atom probe tomography, which allows one to make detailed cross sections of the atomic structure of the quantum dot combined with tunneling spectroscopy.…”