“…Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have emerged as a powerful photovoltaic technology alternative to conventional silicon solar cells because of their advantages such as low cost, use of environmentally friendly materials, simple fabrication techniques and acceptable photoelectric conversion efficiencies. 1,2 To date, the highest reported efficiency of lab-scale DSSCs is 14.3%, an increase from 7.1-7.9% rst reported in 1991. [3][4][5] A typical DSSC has four main components; a photoanode made of a mesoporous oxide layer (typically, TiO 2 ) deposited on a transparent conductive glass substrate; a monolayer of dye sensitizer covalently bonded to the surface of the TiO 2 , an electrolyte containing redox couple (typically, I À /I 3 À ), and a counter electrode made of a platinum coated conductive glass substrate.…”