Effect of Al Additions on Scale Structure and Oxidation Kinetics of 430-Ferritic Stainless Steel Reheated in a Combustion Atmosphere

Osei, Richard; Lekakh, Semen Naumovich; O’Malley, Ronald J.

doi:10.1007/s11663-021-02272-w

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…At high IF, residual scale totaled 30%, having 18% class B and 12% class C respectively. These results once again highlight the non-uniformity in the formed original scale which likely resulted from complex mixed controlled oxidation mechanisms during the reheating process [32][33][34][35]. The residual class C scale was characterized by oxide buried beneath metal that stretched greater than 100 µm in length.…”

Section: Low Cu Steelmentioning

confidence: 89%

Effect of Cu Additions on Scale Structure and Descaling Efficiency of Low C Steel Reheated in a Combustion Gas Atmosphere

2022

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Modern EAF steelmaking employs scrap as its primary source of raw material. Different sources of scrap have varying levels of residuals, which can negatively influence product properties, performance, and surface quality. The presence of some residuals, such as Cu and Ni in controlled quantities, can also positively impact steel performance for some applications. It is also well known that interactions between residuals and alloying elements in steel can modify the structure of scale formed during slab reheating prior to hot rolling. These changes in the scale structure can influence scale removability. In this study, the effect of varying Cu concentrations in a low alloyed Mn and Si containing steel was examined to investigate its impact on scale removability. Laboratory studies were performed with simulated reheating and descaling conditions that mimic the conditions used in industrial practices. The scale structure that formed during reheating in the combustion atmosphere was investigated using SEM/EDX analysis. A special laboratory water jet descaling device was used to evaluate scale removability at three different hydraulic impact factors. The results showed that Cu at different levels significantly modified scale structure that formed, particularly the internal scale layers, which affected scale removability at different applied descaling impact factors. The effects of Cu level and descaling impact factor on scale removability is discussed.

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Section: Low Cu Steelmentioning

confidence: 89%

Effect of Cu Additions on Scale Structure and Descaling Efficiency of Low C Steel Reheated in a Combustion Gas Atmosphere

2022

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“…Previous research on the effects of water vapor on the oxidation of steel has been summarized by Saunders [9]. The oxidation kinetics of steel in water vapor-containing atmospheres have been studied previously [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Rahmel and Tobolski [10] found no effects from water vapor (2-69%) on the oxidation rate at 750 • C, but at 950 • C with the highest concentration of water, the oxidation rate was increased by a factor of 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxide Scale Formation on Low-Carbon Steels in Future Reheating Conditions

Haapakangas,

Riikonen,

Airaksinen

et al. 2024

Metals

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The mitigation of CO2 emissions is one of the major areas of research in iron ore-based steelmaking. In this study, four simulated current and potential future reheating scenarios with different fuel and oxidizer gases were studied regarding the amount of oxide formation and the adhesion of the steel–oxide interface: (1) methane–air; (2) coke oven gas–air; (3) hydrogen–air; (4) and an oxyfuel scenario with 50:50 methane/hydrogen as fuel gases. Isothermal oxidation tests were conducted at temperatures of 1150, 1230 and 1300 °C. Four low-carbon steel grades were tested in the previously mentioned gas atmospheres. The structure and composition of the formed oxide scales was analyzed with FESEM-EDS microscopy. The amount of oxide formation correlated with the water vapor content of the gas atmosphere for all four steel grades; however, notable differences were found between individual steel grades regarding the degree of oxidation increase. No clear evidence was found of the gas atmospheres affecting the adhesion of oxide scales to the steel substrate. The adhesion of the interface was mainly determined by the content of silicon in the steel grade and the test temperature.

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“…[29] The proportion of water vapor in the furnace atmosphere has an increasing effect on the oxide scale formation of stainless steels. [30,31] In reheating conditions, oxide scale growth in atmospheres containing water vapor has been generally studied using simulated methane combustion with air [32][33][34][35] or humid air atmospheres. [36,37] For example, simulated natural gas combustion with air produces almost an 120 mg cm À2 weight gain for ferritic AISI 430 in isothermal oxidation at 1,250 °C for 2 h, [32] while dynamic heating for 3 h causes only a 17 mg cm À2 weight gain for austenitic AISI 304 using the same target temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[30,31] In reheating conditions, oxide scale growth in atmospheres containing water vapor has been generally studied using simulated methane combustion with air [32][33][34][35] or humid air atmospheres. [36,37] For example, simulated natural gas combustion with air produces almost an 120 mg cm À2 weight gain for ferritic AISI 430 in isothermal oxidation at 1,250 °C for 2 h, [32] while dynamic heating for 3 h causes only a 17 mg cm À2 weight gain for austenitic AISI 304 using the same target temperature. [29] Using a humid air atmosphere, higher water vapor content has been observed to increase oxide scale layer thickness of high oxidation resistance for ferritic stainless steel in isothermal oxidation at 1,100 °C for 2 h [38] and for AISI 304 at 1,100 °C for 20 min.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxide Scale Formation of Stainless Steels with Different Heating Methods – Effect of Hydrogen as Fuel

Airaksinen,

Haapakangas,

Laukka

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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The evolution from natural gas usage to new technologies, such as the use of hydrogen as fuel or electricity‐based heating, strongly influences the oxidation of the stainless steel surface in the reheating furnace. Thermogravimetric tests using different simulated combustion and induction reheating conditions were performed for austenitic AISI 301 and AISI 304, and ferritic AISI 444 steel grades. Simulated furnace atmospheres in combustion methods were based on methane‐air, methane‐oxygen, hydrogen‐oxygen, and methane‐hydrogen‐oxygen combinations. For induction simulations, air and nitrogen were used as furnace atmospheres. The results indicate that changes in heating conditions to H2‐fueled combustion or induction only have a minor influence on the oxidation of the ferritic grade; whereas, their effects on the austenitic grades were more pronounced. Transition from a methane‐air to H2‐oxyfuel combustion increased the total oxidation by 1.7 and 4 times for steel grades 304 and 301, respectively; therefore, grade 304 can be considered better suited for transition for H2‐oxyfuel use. The shorter induction heating considerably decreases the amount of oxide scale for austenitic grades, but the nitrogen atmosphere produced a subscale inside the steel matrix, which could hinder the descaling process.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Effect of Al Additions on Scale Structure and Oxidation Kinetics of 430-Ferritic Stainless Steel Reheated in a Combustion Atmosphere

Cited by 5 publications

References 39 publications

Effect of Cu Additions on Scale Structure and Descaling Efficiency of Low C Steel Reheated in a Combustion Gas Atmosphere

Effect of Cu Additions on Scale Structure and Descaling Efficiency of Low C Steel Reheated in a Combustion Gas Atmosphere

Oxide Scale Formation on Low-Carbon Steels in Future Reheating Conditions

Oxide Scale Formation of Stainless Steels with Different Heating Methods – Effect of Hydrogen as Fuel

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