Effect of alkylparabens on the solution state of sodium lauryl sulfate micelle. IV. Gel filtration of solubilized systems

Goto, Ayako; Endo, Fumio

doi:10.1016/0021-9797(79)90268-6

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…According to Rosen and Berke (1973), if a 5% non ionic surfactant is added to Paraben-containing water-oil emulsion, as much as 75% of the total preservative will migrate to the nonionic surfactant micelle, leaving only 25% to distribute between the oil and water phases of the emulsion. Goto and Endo (1979) studied the hydrogen bonding of the parabens to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) micelles. These authors suggested that the sulfuric group of SLS hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl group of the paraben, resulting in short penetration of the paraben molecule into the palisade layer of the micelle.…”

Section: Interaction With Other Cosmetic Ingredientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Amended Report on the Safety Assessment of Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Isopropylparaben, Butylparaben, Isobutylparaben, and Benzylparaben as used in Cosmetic Products

2008

Int J Toxicol

163

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Coal Tar is a semisolid by-product obtained in the destructive distillation of bituminous coal, which functions in cosmetic products as a cosmetic biocide and denaturant--antidandruff agent is also listed as a function, but this is considered an over-the-counter (OTC) drug use. Coal Tar is a nearly black, viscous liquid, heavier than water, with a naphthalene-like odor and a sharp burning taste, produced in cooking ovens as a by-product in the manufacture of coke. Crude Coal Tar is composed of 48% hydrocarbons, 42% carbon, and 10% water. In 2002, Coal Tar was reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in four formulations, all of which appear to be OTC drug products. Coal Tar is monographed by the FDA as Category I (safe and effective) OTC drug ingredient for use in the treatment of dandruff, seborrhoea, and psoriasis. Coal Tar is absorbed through the skin of animals and humans and is systemically distributed. In short-term studies, mice fed a diet containing Coal Tar found it unpalatable, but no adverse effects were reported other than weight loss; rats injected with Coal Tar experienced malaise in one study and decreased water intake and increased liver weights in another; rabbits injected with Coal Tar residue experienced eating avoidance, respiratory difficulty, sneezing, and weight loss. In a subchronic neurotoxicity study using mice, a mixture of phenols, cresols, and xylenols at concentrations approximately equal to those expected in Coal Tar extracts produced regionally selective effects, with a rank order of corpus striatum > cerebellum > cerebral cortex. Coal Tar applied to the backs of guinea pigs increases epidermal thickness. Painting female rabbits with tar decreases the absolute and relative weights of the ovaries and decreased the number of interstitial cells in the ovary. Four therapeutic Coal Tar preparations used in the treatment of psoriasis were mutagenic in the Ames assay. Urine and blood from patients treated with Coal Tar were genotoxic in bacterial assays. Coal Tar was genotoxic in a mammalian genotoxicity assay and induced DNA adducts in various tissue types. Chronic exposure of mice to Coal Tar significantly decreased survival and liver neoplasms were seen in a significant dose-related trend; in other studies using mice lung tumors and perianal skin cancers were found. Coal Tar was comedogenic in three small clinical studies. Folliculitis is associated with the prolonged use of some tars. Several published reports describe cases of contact sensitivity to Coal Tar. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which make up Coal Tar, are photosensitizers and cause phototoxicity by an oxygen-dependent mechanism. A retrospective study of the reproductive toxicity of Coal Tar in humans compared exposed women to controls and found little difference in spontaneous abortion and congenital disorders. Cancer epidemiology studies of patients who have received Coal Tar therapy of one form or other have failed to link treatment with an increase in the risk of cancer. Although the Cosmetic In...

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Section: Interaction With Other Cosmetic Ingredientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Amended Report on the Safety Assessment of Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Isopropylparaben, Butylparaben, Isobutylparaben, and Benzylparaben as used in Cosmetic Products

2008

Int J Toxicol

163

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“…At 60 °C, a sharp increase is not observed. More importantly, although there are few reported kinetic studies of solute incorporation into micelles, it seems that the first step is rapid adsorption onto the micelle surface, followed by slow penetration into the so-called palisade layer of the headgroups, and finally dissolution in the core. − Since the solutes are strongly and rapidly adsorptively associated with the micelles, mass transfer rate limitations should not apply. Thus, we favor stacking as the source of higher efficiency with the SDS sample medium.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation of Paclitaxel and Related Taxanes by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography

Shao

Locke

1998

Anal. Chem.

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Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography is used to separate paclitaxel (trade name Taxol, Bristol-Myers Squibb) and 14 related taxanes in 11.5 min. An aqueous acetonitrile (ACN) buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant allows resolution of the 15 taxanes from each other and from the principal matrix ingredient in the injectable dosage form of the drug, Cremophor EL (polyethoxylated castor oil). Although the precise effect of high concentrations of ACN on micelle size and structure is not clear, the separation achieved is not possible in the absence of the organic modifier. The migration order is apparently the of decreasing aqueous-phase solubility, which is related to the presence of a side chain at the carbon 13-position, to the addition of a xylosyl group at the 7-position, and to the number of acetylated hydroxyl groups; it is also related to the increasing affinity of the taxane side chain for the micellar phase. The retention factors, k', increase linearly with SDS concentration above the critical micelle concentration. With increasing concentration of ACN, k' values for the taxanes without side chain decrease; for the most hydrophobic taxanes, k' increases up to 20% (v/v) ACN and then decreases sharply at higher concentrations; for the others, k' varies little up to 10% ACN, and then decreases rapidly with added ACN. Similar behavior was observed with methanol, but the break in k' occurred between 30% and 40% (v/v). Resolution was unacceptably poor if the samples dissolved in methanol were injected; samples dissolved in buffer containing SDS were well-behaved, probably because of stacking of the micelles during injection. Van't Hoff plots (in k' vs 1/T) were linear and allowed calculation of the delta H degree of transfer of taxane from aqueous to micelle phase. However, similar to the situation in HPLC, uncertainty in the micelle/aqueous phase ratio precludes reliable determination of the corresponding delta S degree.

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“…Since the solubility of methylparaben in water is low,7 tya*a was taken as unity. Therefore K = Xsm7s*m/Xsa (10) As Xam approaches zero, 7"*m may be considered to approach unity. Thus the K& obtained by extrapolation to zero Xam corresponds to the distribution coefficient, K. The distribution coefficient obtained in this manner for methylparaben was 4960 at 20 °C, as shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solubilization of methylparaben in nonionic surfactant micelles in aqueous solution

Goto¹,

Nihei²,

Endo³

1980

J. Phys. Chem.

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Effect of alkylparabens on the solution state of sodium lauryl sulfate micelle. IV. Gel filtration of solubilized systems

Cited by 13 publications

References 19 publications

Final Amended Report on the Safety Assessment of Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Isopropylparaben, Butylparaben, Isobutylparaben, and Benzylparaben as used in Cosmetic Products

Final Amended Report on the Safety Assessment of Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Isopropylparaben, Butylparaben, Isobutylparaben, and Benzylparaben as used in Cosmetic Products

Separation of Paclitaxel and Related Taxanes by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography

Solubilization of methylparaben in nonionic surfactant micelles in aqueous solution

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