Effect of Amino Acids on Fusarium oxysporum Growth and Pathogenicity Regulated by TORC1-Tap42 Gene and Related Interaction Protein Analysis

Abstract

Free amino acids (AAs) formed in fermented meat products are important nitrogen sources for the survival and metabolism of contaminating fungi. These AAs are mainly regulated by the TORC1-Tap42 signaling pathway. Fusarium spp., a common contaminant of fermented products, is a potential threat to food safety. Therefore, there is an urgent need to clarify the effect of different AAs on Fusarium spp. growth and metabolism. This study investigated the effect of 18 AAs on Fusarium oxysporum (Fo17) growth, sporulation, T-2 toxin (T-2) synthesis and Tri5 expression through Tap42 gene regulation. Co-immunoprecipitation and Q Exactive LC-MS/MS methods were used to detect the interacting protein of Tap42 during specific AA treatment. Tap42 positively regulated L-His, L-Ile and L-Tyr absorption for Fo17 colony growth. Acidic (L-Asp, L-Glu) and sulfur-containing (L-Cys, L-Met) AAs significantly inhibited the Fo17 growth which was not regulated by Tap42. The L-Ile and L-Pro addition significantly activated the sporulation of ΔFoTap42. L-His and L-Ser inhibited the sporulation of ΔFoTap42. In T-2 synthesis, ΔFoTap42 was increased in GYM medium, but was markedly inhibited in L-Asp and L-Glu addition groups. Dose–response experiments showed that 10–70 mg/mL of neutral AA (L-Thr) and alkaline AA (L-His) significantly increased the T-2 production and Tri5 expression of Fo17, but Tri5 expression was not activated in ΔFoTap42. Inhibition of T-2 synthesis and Tri5 expression were observed in Fo17 following the addition of 30–70 mg/mL L-Asp. KEGG enrichment pathway analysis demonstrated that interacting proteins of Tap42 were from glycerophospholipid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and were related to the MAPK and Hippo signaling pathways. This study enhanced our understanding of AA regulation in fermented foods and its effect on Fusarium growth and metabolism, and provided insight into potential ways to control fungal contamination in high-protein fermented foods.

Antifungal Peptide P852 Effectively Controls Fusarium oxysporum, a Wilt-Causing Fungus, by Affecting the Glucose Metabolism and Amino Acid Metabolism as well as Damaging Mitochondrial Function

“…The addition of l -Ile and l -Pro significantly promotes F. oxysporum spore formation when the TORC1-Tap42 signaling pathway is inhibited . Fu et al mentioned that arginine and proline metabolisms are closely related to the pathogenicity of fungi .…”

Mycoprotein: production and nutritional aspects: a review

“…This proteinaceous entity is characterized by a notable content of essential amino acids, rendering it nutritionally significant. 23 Notably, the submerged fermentation process is subjected to rigorous monitoring to gauge parameters such as biomass concentration, mycoprotein yield, pH stability, and oxygen sufficiency. Upon reaching the desired level of mycoprotein accumulation, the fermentation is terminated, and the fungal biomass is isolated from the liquid medium through methods such as centrifugation or filtration.…”

Dairy, Plant, and Novel Proteins: Scientific and Technological Aspects

“…The microbial fermentation can be carried out by submerged fermentation, solid-state fermentation, or the surface culture method [37,355,356]. Submerged fermentation has been proven to produce a higher yield and more nutritional benefits [35,357,358]. In addition to F. venenatum, several other fungi have also been employed for mycoprotein production using different fermentation methods, such as Pleurotus albidus, Neurospora intermedia, Rhizopus oryzae, and Aspergillus oryzae [38,359].…”