Effect of ammonia on the immune response of Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta and its susceptibility to Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Caligus Elongatus and Photobacterium Damselae Subsp Piscicida Concomitant Infections Affecting Broodstock European Seabass, Dicentrarchus Labrax, with Special Reference to Histopathological Responses

“…Phagocytic and clearance efficiency are diminished. As an ultimate fate for the staggering immumo-suppression of fishes inhabiting such conditions, parasitic and bacterial invasion will be the most probable event [45].…”

Tolerance to temperature, pH, ammonia and nitrite in cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi, an amazonian ornamental fish

“…The acute and chronic toxicities of ammonia have been extensively reviewed for freshwater fishes (Wang & Walsh, 2000;Biswas et al, 2006;Reddy-Lopata et al, 2006). High levels of ammonia cause stress and produce harmful physiological response such as osmoregulatory disturb, kidneys and branchial epithelium damages (Meade, 1989;Soderberg, 1994), retarded growth, inefficient immune response (Cheng et al, 2004;Pinto et al, 2007) and reduced survival (Jobling, 1994). The findings in the current experiments indicated 100% survival of the fish in 96-h exposure to the control and 0.9-mg/L of total ammonia, while 98, 88, 85, 62, 30 and 25% of the fish survived to 1.4, 8.5, 13.1 18.6, 23.7 and 35.6 mg/L of total ammonia (or 0, 0.022 0.032, 0.19, 0.23, 0.31, 0.44 and 0.85 mg/L NH 3 ) respectively.…”

Stress and immune responses in abalone: Limitations in current knowledge and investigative methods based on other models

“…Sea urchins are of the deuterostome lineage and contain a complement cascade not seen in molluscs but comparable to the vertebrate alternative complement pathway [16][17][18][19][20]. Phenoloxidase testing is useful in investigating immune responses in several invertebrate species including arthropods [21,22] and oysters [23] but has yielded mixed results in immune studies of bacterial infection in abalone [6][7][8][9][10]24] suggesting it is of limited use in this species, at least when dealing with bacterial infection. The immune mechanisms used to deal with bacterial, viral and parasitic infections could be different, and we do not know if phenoloxidase activity is important in parasitic or viral infections in abalone.…”

“…Table 1 summarises the limited research that has been undertaken to date on stress and/or immune responses in abalone. Recently, a link has been established in abalone between increased stress and decreased immune functional capacity [4][5][6][7][8][9][10], leading to increased rates of bacterial infections and increased mortality [6][7][8][9][10]. This link is based on immune function tests carried out after applying stressors such as altered salinity, shaking, decreased dissolved oxygen, increased concentrations of ammonia and nitrate and increased temperature.…”