“…Transition metal oxide films, e.g., iridium (Sun, 2015;Jang and Lee, 2020), rhodium (Jeong, 2020), ruthenium (Wang Y. et al, 2019), tungsten (Atak et al, 2020;Pan, 2020), molybdenum (Hasani, 2017), possess electrochromic properties, with tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide being the most widely studied. This type of electrochromic material can be classified into inorganic electrochromic materials that can be deposited through vacuum evaporation (Sahu et al, 2017;Gupta et al, 2022b), sputtering (Murphy et al, 2016;Kumar et al, 2022;Kumar et al, 2022a;Kumar et al, 2022b), electrodeposition (Dulgerbaki et al, 2018), tungsten metal electrochemical oxidation (Lin, 2020), and the sol-gel method (Zhang et al, 2019), among others. Metal oxide films can be electrochemically modulated to a non-stoichiometric redox state, which has an intense electrochromic absorption band due to optical range charge transfer.…”