“…A generally modified surface can drastically improve the electrocatalytic properties of electroactive groups, increase the electron transfer rate, and increase the sensitivity of the electrode response (Omidinia et al 2014). Various methods, such as electrochemical (Baraket et al 2013), self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) (Güzel et al 2010), chemical (Üstündağ and Solak 2009), and physical (Gupta et al 2013) techniques have been reported for the electrochemical quantitative analysis in various environmental and food samples. Most of the transition metals, such as Cu, Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Zn, etc., and a lot of other metals, such as Sn, As, Sb, Pb, Bi, etc., are analyzed via electrochemical voltammetric methods.…”