Effect of Azelastine Nasal Spray on Histamine-and Allergen-Induced Skin Wheal Response in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis

Agarwal, Monica; Vijayan, V K; Vermani, Maansi

doi:10.1080/02770900801990024

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 14 publications

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“…azelastine) results are somehow contradictory and discontinuance is recommended for a 48h minimum period. 10,140 Papule size depends as well on allergen concentration and number of allergens tested for which the patient is sensitised. Some authors have studied these variables and calculated, as an example, that the wheal diameter increases 1:5 times (area 2:5 times) if the allergen concentration increases 10 times.…”

Section: Variability Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin prick tests and allergy diagnosis

Antunes

Borrego

Romeira

et al. 2009

Allergologia et Immunopathologia

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Skin testing remains an essential diagnostic tool in modern allergy practice. A signifi cant variability has been reported regarding technical procedures, interpretation of results and documentation. This review has the aim of consolidating methodological recommendations through a critical analysis on past and recent data. This will allow a better understanding on skin prick test (SPT) history; technique; (contra-) indications; interpretation of results; diagnostic pitfalls; adverse reactions; and variability factors. Skin has an important physiological role in the internal balance homeostasis and constitutes a crucial barrier against external aggressions, with well-known immunological properties. 1 It has been used by allergists for decades as an easily assessed laboratory of the immunological status of the individual.The fi rst skin testing technique was developed by Charles H. Blackley in 1865, a Manchester homeopathic physician with allergic rhinitis. He abraded a quarter-inch area of his skin with a lancet and then applied grass pollen grains. 2 The so-called scratch test was later adopted by Schloss for the diagnosis of food allergy in children. 3 Epicutaneous tests can be divided into scratch tests and prick/puncture tests. The fi rst method, proposed by Blackley 2 , implied a linear scratch without drawing blood and could either be performed fi rst, with the extract then dropped on the abraded skin, or be made through a drop of extract. 4 Although it was used extensively in the past, this technique became progressively obsolete due to patient discomfort, poor reproducibility, possible residual lesions and newer and innocuous procedures. 4 Therefore, scratch test is mentioned here for historical purposes only. It was Sir Thomas Lewis who, in 1924, fi rst applied skin prick tests (SPT). 5 Nevertheless, their generalised use in clinical practice only became a reality about 30 years ago, as a result of technique modifi cations proposed by Pepys. 6 For the purpose of this review and for easier comprehension, skin testing will be referred interchangeably as SPT, whatever device is used for its application.In 1966, Ishizaka's work on immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immediate hypersensitivity reactions 7 established the scientifi c corpus to what was done till then on a strictly empiric basis.As written by Dr Walzer in 1974, "the fact that skin testing has not turned out to be a simple and completely reliable technique does not detract from the fact that, when it is intelligently and skilfully performed, it remains the most effective diagnostic procedure in reaginic allergic disorders". 8 The reliability of skin testing and proper documentation of test results are essential in allergy practice. A recent survey to all physician members and fellows of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology practicing in the

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Section: Variability Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin prick tests and allergy diagnosis

Antunes

Borrego

Romeira

et al. 2009

Allergologia et Immunopathologia

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Leki przeciwhistaminowe w leczeniu alergicznego nieżytu nosa – uaktualnienie 2008/2009

Kruszewski

2009

Otolaryngologia Polska

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The following paper reviews the latest news on antihistamines used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. It describes the new results of investigations on clinical application of H3 and H4 receptors in therapy of allergic diseases as well as the effect of emedastine on histamine-induced tissue remodeling. Contemporary clinical research of these drugs fulfills the requirements of placebo-controlled trials, including the comparison with a reference drug, usually cetirizine. The paper discusses efficacy and safety of a new drug--bilastine, and the possibility to improve clinical outcome by combining antihistamine drugs with inhaled glucocorticosteroids and antileukotrienes. It also presents the studies on high efficacy of nasal antihistamines, which most probably results from their high concentration in inflamed tissue, as well as describes the latest news on safe use of antihistamines, including studies of fexofenadine enantiomers in drug interactions with P-glycoprotein, safety of a new antihistamine medication--rupatadine, and psychostimulating effect of some other antihistamines. The review shows that antihistamines, the most frequently used class of anti-allergy medications, have been constantly improved, which is of significant importance for progress of allergic diseases treatment.

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LiteratureWatch

2008

Pediatric Asthma, Allergy & Immunology

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Effect of Azelastine Nasal Spray on Histamine-and Allergen-Induced Skin Wheal Response in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

Skin prick tests and allergy diagnosis

Skin prick tests and allergy diagnosis

Leki przeciwhistaminowe w leczeniu alergicznego nieżytu nosa – uaktualnienie 2008/2009

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