Effect of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation on gait in Parkinson's disease

Abstract

The fundamental disturbance of the parkinsonian gait is the reduction in walking velocity. This is mainly due to reduction in stride length, while cadence (steps/min) is slightly enhanced. Treatment with L-dopa increases stride length while cadence is unchanged. Chronic stimulation of the thalamus has no effect on Parkinsonian gait. The efficacy of electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) on gait in advanced Parkinson's disease has been clearly demonstrated clinically. The aim of the present study was to quantify the changes in gait measures induced by STN stimulation and L-dopa and to assess possible differential or additive effects. Eight Parkinson's disease patients (mean +/- SD age 48.1 +/- 7.3 years) with chronic bilateral STN stimulation (mean duration of disease 13.3 +/- 2.4 years, mean stimulation time 15.4 +/- 10.6 months) and 12 age-matched controls were investigated. Subjects walked on a special treadmill with a closed-loop ultrasound control system that used the subject's position to adjust treadmill speed continuously for the actual walking velocity. In an appropriate crossover design, spatiotemporal gait measures and leg joint angle movements were assessed for at least 120 stride cycles in four treatment conditions: with and without stimulation and with and without a suprathreshold dose of L-dopa. With STN stimulation, there were increases of almost threefold in mean walking velocity (from 0.35 to 0.96 m/s) and stride length (from 0.34 to 0.99 m). Cadence remained constant. The range of motion of the major leg joints also increased. L-Dopa alone had a slightly weaker effect, with an increase in walking velocity to 0.94 m/s and in stride length to 0.92 m at a similar cadence. These increased values were in the range of those for healthy age-matched subjects performing the same task. The combination of both treatments further increased the mean walking velocity to 1.19 m/s and stride length to 1.20 m at an unchanged cadence. However, not all patients receiving STN stimulation improved further when they also received L-dopa. These results demonstrate that chronic bilateral STN stimulation, like treatment with L-dopa, improves walking velocity by increasing stride length without changing cadence. STN stimulation almost exclusively affects mechanisms involved in the control of spatial gait measures rather than rhythmicity. The gait measures obtained with STN stimulation alone are in the range of control subjects.

A meta-regression of the long-term effects of deep brain stimulation on balance and gait in PD

“…[34][35][36][37][38][39] Improved postural alignment during gait, related to reduced rigidity, also is seen. 35 In contrast, the timing characteristics of gait, such as cadence 36,37 and variability in stride and swing time, 38 may not improve with DBS. More challenging locomotor tasks such as changing direction and dual tasking, which are often associated with falls, 39 have not been evaluated.…”

Combined pedunculopontine-subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease

“…However, this improvement seems to be limited to those patients whose axial symptoms remain levodopa-responsive, even in late stages of the disease. 1,2 Conversely, patients who have non-levodopa-responsive axial symptoms show minimal response of gait and posture to DBS and have an adverse outcome. 1,3,4 DBS of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is emerging as a treatment for non-levodoparesponsive postural and gait disorders in PD.…”

Aplicação das Análises Biomecânicas da Pressão Plantar na Marcha de Indivíduos com Doença de Parkinson

“…A ECP-NST também mostrou-se capaz de provocar aumento no comprimento da passada e na velocidade da marcha, habilidades que normalmente apresentam-se com valores reduzidos em pacientes com DP, e este incremento foi maior quando associado ao tratamento dopaminérgico 23 .…”