Effect of Bromide Ion on Formation of HAAs During Chlorination

Pourmoghaddas, Hossein; Stevens, Alan A.; Kinman, Riley N.; Dressman, Ronald C.; Moore, Leown A.; Ireland, John C.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb05924.x

Cited by 113 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Bromide has been shown to shift the speciation of THMs and HAAs toward the more harmful brominated forms (e.g. [6,21,22]), and to increase the absolute concentration of total THMs and HAAs. When raw water is coagulated with alum, the concentration of TOC decreases, but the bromide concentration tends to remain constant.…”

Section: Removal Of Bromide By Miexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced coagulation using a magnetic ion exchange resin

2002

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The objective of this investigation was to examine the effectiveness of a magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX s ) to enhance the coagulation of disinfection by-product precursors in nine surface waters, each representing a different element of the USEPA's 3 Â 3 enhanced coagulation matrix. The effect of MIEX-pretreatment on the requisite alum dose needed for subsequent coagulation of turbidity was also evaluated.Enhanced coagulation with MIEX was found to be very effective for removing trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) precursors from the nine waters examined. THM and HAA formation potential was reduced by more than 60% in all of the waters studied; reductions approaching 90% were seen in the waters with the highest specific ultraviolet absorbance values. The residual total organic carbon concentration, ultraviolet absorbance, and THM and HAA formation potential were all substantially lower as a result of MIEX and alum treatment compared to alum coagulation alone. MIEX pre-treatment also lowered the coagulant demand of each of the waters substantially. r

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Section: Removal Of Bromide By Miexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced coagulation using a magnetic ion exchange resin

2002

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“…Oxidation rates of different species change with pH . Formation of TCAA is the same at pH 5 to 7 and decreases at higher pH (Pourmoghaddas et al, 1993), whereas DCAA increases slightly with decreasing pH (Miller and Uden 1983).…”

Section: Thm Formationmentioning

confidence: 85%

DBP formation and speciation in a central anatolian dam water depending on pH, TOC level, fraction and chlorine dose

2013

Global NEST Journal

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The effects of pH, NOM concentration, fractions and the chlorine dose on the formation and speciation of THMs and HAAs were determined in Altinapa Dam water (Konya/Turkey). Water sample was isolated and chlorinated at different TOC levels and pH's. The isolate was fractioned; THM and HAA species were measured after chlorination. THM increased with increasing pH (6 to 8) whereas a consistent pH tendency could not be inferred from the HAA changes. CF is the dominant THM specie which exerts up to 91% of the total THM. The majority of total HAAs composed of MCAA, DCAA and TCAA. The hydrophobic fraction was the main THM precursor under the studied conditions although their percentage was lower than hydrophilics, whereas, hydrophilic fraction had significant contribution to HAA formation, in contrast to the general tendency for HAA. High correlation (0.97) was calculated between total THMs and HAAs.KEYWORDS: Natural organic matter, fractionation, trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, chlorination. INTRODUCTIONNatural organic matter (NOM) exists in all surface waters and groundwaters as a result of complex biotic and abiotic reactions. The application of disinfectants to drinking water reduces the microbial risk but possess chemical risk in the form of disinfection by-products (DBPs) by reactions between dissolved portion of NOM and disinfectant. Applied chlorine rapidly hydrolyses and so formed hypochlorous acid (HOCl) undergoes subsequent reactions resulting in the formation of DBPs. There has been an increasing concern about DBPs since Rook (1974) and Bellar and Lichtenberg (1974). Although there are various identified halogenated DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the most common DBPs which are carcinogenic and potentially hazardous to human health. There are a lot of limitations imposed by EPA, EU and WHO for DBPs. Maximum limits has been decreased in recent revisions.

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“…V některých státech již byla provedena screeningová měření a zjišťována frekvence výskytu těchto vedlejších produktů chlorace v pitných vodách sloužících k zásobování obyvatelstva [19][20][21]. Dále jsou v chlorovaných pitných vodách nebo při modelových pokusech s chlorací vodných roztoků humátů nacházeny další nižší alifatické chlorované kyseliny [22], bromované halooctové kyseliny [23], chlorovaný a bromovaný acetonitril [15], chlorované aldehydy a ketony [17], zvláště pak chlorovaný acetaldehyd [17], popřípadě do různého stupně bromovaný acetaldehyd [24] a chlorkyan [25] (ten se tvoří pře-devším za přítomnosti vyšších koncentrací amonných iontů, resp. chloraminů).…”

Section: Vedlejší Produkty Chloraceunclassified