A two‐block full‐factorial matrix was designed to statistically evaluate the influenee of bromide ion on the formation and speciation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) during chlorination and the effects of independent variables, including pH, reaction time, and chlorine dosage. Almost all of the independent variables were positively correlated with the formation of HAAs. Bromide ion was shown to shift the distribution of HAAs (as well as trihalomethanes) to more brominated species. Not only were purely brominated acetic acids formed, but also mixed bromine and chlorine species—which were measured for the first time.

Children are the most susceptible population to lead exposure because of three interacting factors; they have more opportunity for contact with lead sources due to their activities, lead absorption occurs more readily in a child compared to an adult, and the child's development is more vulnerable to lead than adults. Low levels of lead in the blood have been shown to cause adverse health effects; the level of concern for children is currently 10 g / dl. The contribution of dietary exposure of lead to increased blood lead levels ( PbB ) is not well characterized. This study was conducted to measure potential dietary lead intakes of children 2 to 3 years of age who live in homes contaminated with environmental lead. Objectives were to estimate lead intakes for children consuming food in contaminated environments, recognizing unstructured eating patterns and to investigate if correlations exist between daily dietary exposure and measured PbB. Dietary exposure was evaluated by collecting samples that were typical of the foods the young children ate in their homes. A 24 -h duplicate of all foods plus sentinel foods, i.e., individual items used to represent foods contaminated during handling, were collected from 48 children. Ten homes were revisited to obtain information on the variation in daily dietary intakes. Drinking water was evaluated both as part of the segregated beverage sample composite and by itself. Additional information collected included lead concentrations from hand wipes, floor wipes, and venous blood, and questionnaire responses from the caregiver on activities potentially related to exposure. Activities and hygiene practices of the children and contamination of foods in their environment influences total dietary intake. Estimated mean dietary intakes of lead ( 29.2 g Pb / day ) were more than three times the measured 24 -h duplicate -diet levels ( 8.37 g Pb/ day ) , which were almost six times higher than current national estimates ( 1.40 g Pb / day ) . Statistically significant correlations were observed between floor wipes and foods contacting contaminated surfaces, hand wipes and foods contacting contaminated hands and surfaces, and hand wipes and floor wipes. This study indicates that the dietary pathway of exposure to lead is impacted by eating activities of children living in lead -contaminated environments and that analysis of foods themselves is not enough to determine excess dietary exposures that are occurring. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology ( 2000 ) 10, 723 ± 731.

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This article discusses a study to determine the effectiveness of iodine as a water disinfectant, and to determine the health effects of this type of disinfection on a human population. The water in two water systems supplying three Florida correctional institutions and serving a total of approximately 700 people has been continuously disinfected with iodine for a period of 19 months under carefully planned chemical, bacteriologic, and medical controls. To date, 57 mil gal of water has been iodinated. The studies will continue until June 1966.

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