Effect of Cadmium and Lead on Quantitative and Essential Oil Traits of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are particularly noteworthy metals that can pollute the air, soil and water contributing to serious environmental problems. Tests were done on concentrations of Pb and Cd; treatments tested in the experiment were as follows; Cd concentrations (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ppm) and concentrations of Pb (100, 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 ppm) and control. Tests were done on Mentha piperita L. in a greenhouse, arranged as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Rhizomes with uniform weight were planted in pots 30×50×35 cm. Plants were irrigated with Cd and Pb chloride after germination of all rhizomes. Results demonstrated that with increasing concentrations of Cd and Pb there was a decrease in fresh and dry weights, main stem height, leaf area per plant, leaf number, number of nodes per main stem and essential oil of peppermint compared to the control. Fresh weights were decreased at 100 ppm of Cd and 1500 ppm of Pb, 18.16% and 24.55%, respectively compared to the control at the first harvest. At the second harvest, these decreases were 15.24% and 32.72%, respectively. At the highest concentrations of Cd and Pb, dry weight of peppermint was dropped 22.92% and 39.01% at the first harvest. For the second harvest, decreased dry weights were 25.88% and 26.77% respectively. It seems that peppermint can tolerate waste water or soil polluted with medium range of Cd and Pb concentrations and the essential oil percentage was not affected by these concentrations.

Pb and Cd on growth, leaf ultrastructure and essential oil yield mint (Mentha arvensis L.)

“…Similarly, the exposition of Anethum graveolens and Ocimum basilicum to Cd, Pb and Cu showed no clear trend of variation (ZHELJAZKOV et al, 2006). Moreover, Mentha piperita cultivated with Pb and Cd, under maximum concentration of 100 and 1500ppm respectively, showed a significant reduction of essential oil yield, which was mainly associated with the reduction of biomass, number of leaves and total leaf area (AMIRMORADI et al, 2012). Table 2-Relative percentages of essential oil constituents from leaves of M. arvensis grown with increasing concentrations of Pb and Cd applied separately to the soil.…”

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Clary Sage and Coriander Essential Oils Produced on Polluted and Amended Soils-Phytomanagement Approach

“…This result is not in agreement with some previous studies, which showed that the presence of TE in soil, among other environmental conditions, was susceptible to affecting EO composition and quality [ 22 , 24 ]. Notably, it was suggested that the stress induced by the presence of TE resulted in a modification of the secondary metabolism [ 24 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. This could either lead to an inactivation of enzymes involved in the EO biosynthesis pathways, in the case of Mentha arvensis L., Mentha piperita L. and Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.…”

Growth and volatile compounds of Martianthus leucocephalus exposed to heavy metal stress

“…). Metal concentrations were defined as a function of toxicity levels, established by preliminary experiments and results reported in the literature for other species (ZHAO et al, 2010;VASSILEV et al, 2011;AMIRMORADI et al, 2012). Nutrient solutions were replaced once a week and the volume topped up daily.…”