Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of penitrem B byPenicillium aurantiogriseum

Surekha, M.; Reddy, S. M.

doi:10.1007/bf02814579

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 9 publications

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“…For the production of penitrem B by P. aurantiogriseum , different synthetic media, supplemented with various nitrogen and carbon sources, have been examined. In this study, D-xylose was found to induce the maximum penitrem B production, whereas glycerol, citric acid and succinic acid had negative effects [ 38 ]. The same authors reported an increased penitrem B production by P. aurantiogriseum , grown on yeast extract medium, supplemented with sucrose and KNO 3 [ 39 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Environmental Factors on the Production of Penitrems A–F by Penicillium crustosum

Kalinina

Jagels

Cramer

et al. 2017

Toxins

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Filamentous fungi produce a multitude of secondary metabolites, some of them known as mycotoxins, which are toxic to vertebrates and other animal groups in low concentrations. Among them, penitrems, which belong to the group of indole-diterpene mycotoxins, are synthesized by Penicillium and Aspergillus genera and exhibit potent tremorgenic effects. This is the first complex study of the penitrems A–F production under the influence of different abiotic factors, e.g., media, incubation time, temperature, pH, light, water activity, and carbon and nitrogen source as well as oxidative and salt stress. For this purpose, penitrems A–F were isolated from Penicillium crustosum cultures and used as analytical standards. Among the carbon sources, glucose supplemented to the media at the concentration of 50 g/L, showed the strongest inducing effect on the biosynthesis of penitrems. Among nitrogen sources, glutamate was found to be the most favorable supplement, significantly increasing production of these secondary metabolites. CuSO4-promoted oxidative stress was also shown to remarkably stimulate biosynthesis of all penitrems. In contrast, the salt stress, caused by the elevated concentrations of NaCl, showed an inhibitory effect on the penitrem biosynthesis. Finally, cheese model medium elicited exceptionally high production of all members of the penitrems family. Obtained results give insides into the biosynthesis of toxicologically relevant penitrems A–F under different environmental factors and can be utilized to prevent food contamination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Environmental Factors on the Production of Penitrems A–F by Penicillium crustosum

Kalinina

Jagels

Cramer

et al. 2017

Toxins

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Penitrem and Thomitrem Formation by Penicillium crustosum

et al. 2004

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The levels of penitrems A, B, C, D, E, F, roquefortine C and thomitrem A and E recovered from extracts of 36 Norwegian, 2 American and one each of Japanese, German, South African, Danish and Fijian isolates of Penicillum crustosum Thom were quantitatively determined using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Forty-two of the 44 isolates of penitrem-producing isolates grown on rice, afforded levels of thomitrem A and E comparable to that of penitrem A. Thomitrems A and E were also found, but at lower levels, when cultures were grown on barley. No thomitrems were found when the isolates were grown on liquid media. The effects of time and temperature on mycotoxin formation were studied on rice over a 4 week period at 10, 15 and 25 degrees C, respectively. No mycotoxins could be detected after 1 week at 10 degrees C, but after 2 weeks at 10 degrees C levels were similar to those produced at 15 and 25 degrees C. Higher levels of thomitrems A and E were detected when media were maintained at lower pH. The possibility that thomitrems A and E might be derived by acid promoted conversion of penitrems A and E was explored in stability trials performed at pH 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 in the presence and absence of media. Thomitrems were formed at pH 2, 3 and 4 but not at pH 5 and 7.

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Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of penitrem B byPenicillium aurantiogriseum

Cited by 2 publications

References 9 publications

Influence of Environmental Factors on the Production of Penitrems A–F by Penicillium crustosum

Influence of Environmental Factors on the Production of Penitrems A–F by Penicillium crustosum

Penitrem and Thomitrem Formation by Penicillium crustosum

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