Effect of carbonate apatite as a bone substitute on oral mucosal healing in a rat extraction socket: in vitro and in vivo analyses using carbonate apatite

Abstract

Background Low bone quantity and quality are serious problems that affect the prognosis of implants in the cosmetic field. Therefore, artificial bone substitutes are frequently used. However, whether there is a difference in the effect of either bone substitute on soft tissue healing is unclear given their greatly different absorbability. In this study, we used hydroxyapatite (HAp) and carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) as bone substitutes to analyze the epithelial and connective tissue healing after tooth extraction. Methods In vitro, oral mucosa-derived epithelial cells (OECs) collected from 4-day-old Wistar rats were seeded on HAp or CO3Ap and evaluated for adhesion, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and morphology. Fibroblasts (FBs) were also analyzed for their ability to express collagen. In vivo, the extraction of maxillary right first (M1) and second molars (M2) of 6-week-old male Wistar rats was performed, followed by insertion of HAp or CO3Ap granules into the M1 and M2 sites. The oral mucosal healing process was then evaluated histochemically after 7 and 14 days. Results In vitro, high collagen expression by FBs in the CO3Ap group was observed and the surface analysis showed spreading of the FBs on the CO3Ap surface. However, the activity of OECs was suppressed on CO3Ap. Two weeks after CO3Ap implantation, soft tissue healing was observed, and recovery of the connective tissue was observed on the remaining CO3Ap. Conclusions Our results suggest that the formation of soft tissues, including connective tissue, was promoted by CO3Ap in the extraction socket within a short period.

Carbonate-Hydroxyapatite Cement: The Effect of Composition on Solubility In Vitro and Resorption In Vivo

“…Low-crystalline CO 3 -HA shows high adhesion of fibroblasts. This contributes to the restoration of connective tissue [28].…”

Preclinical evaluation of a new synthetic carbonate apatite bone substitute on periodontal regeneration in intrabony defects

“…The same observation was made in the present study, with a good preserved alveolar ridge away from the tooth surface and the largest area of new bone as shown by micro‐CT and histometry in the test group. Interestingly, Egashira et al 52 . very recently showed a faster soft tissue healing after tooth extraction with the use of CO 3 Ap‐BS as compared to empty sockets and a hydroxyapatite bone substitute.…”

Influencia de Diferentes Materiales de Relleno en Alvéolos Post Exodoncia de Ratas Ovariectomizadas (OVX)

“…Existen reportes en la literatura en el cual han subsanado la complicación de las raíces que persisten al interior del alveolo realizando su eliminación con una fresa quirúrgica. (Egashira et al, 2022) No obstante, realizar dicho proceso, elimina el ligamento periodontal remanente post extracción, el cual es de vital importancia para la regeneración alveolar, siendo esta una de las explicaciones que los autores del presente estudio dan al hecho de no haber encontrado diferencias significativas entre grupos. Si bien el presente estudio no mostró diferencias aparentes al aplicar el material de injerto solo o en combinación con PRF, si podemos ver que el PRF por si solo no logró diferenciarse de dejar el alveolo vacío, lo cual concuerda podría explicarse debido a que al ser un relleno solamente osteoinductor, sin características osteoconductivas por si mismo, no brindaría las condiciones necesarias para generar un proceso óptimo de regeneración ósea.…”