Effect of cassava exudate and prey densities on the survival and reproduction of Typhlodromalus limonicus (Garman & McGregor) s.l. (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a predator of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract

Toko, M., O'Neil, R.J. and Yaninek, J.S., 1994. Effect of cassava exudate and prey densities on survival and reproduction of Typhlodroraatus limonicus (Gar'man & McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) s.l., a predator of the cassava green mite, Mononychelh~" tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol., 18: 221-231.

Development, long-term survival, and the maintenance of fertility in Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) reared on an artificial diet

“…Similarly, artificial supplements of honey can help phytoseiids to survive for certain periods of time (El-Banhawy 1975;Ashihara et al 1978;Badii and McMurtry 1983). Moreover, Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias-Henriot) exhibits similar survival rates on clean leaves as on pollen supplements (Nomikou et al 2003), and Typhlodromalus limonicus (Garman and McGregor) survives longer when fed exudate than when preying on the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Toko et al 1994).…”

“…Moreover, the experience of feeding on non-prey food items may affect the recovery of reproduction during subsequent opportunities to eat preferred foods. For example, if T. limonicus feeds on exudate before preying on spider mites, its fecundity remains at a similarly low level as when it feeds on exudate alone (Toko et al 1994). Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the effects of non-prey food on the maintenance of phytoseiid populations for biological control and the recovery of reproduction during subsequent bouts of preying on animal food items, such as spider mites or other insect pests (e.g., thrips and whiteflies) (Castagnoli and Simoni 1999;Castagnoli et al 2001).…”

Current knowledge and future research perspectives on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) chemical defenses: An agroecological view

“…In addition, cassava leaf exudate contains substantial levels of bound cyanide, as well as traces of rutin (3) and two kaempferol derivates (Calatayud et al, 1994b), which may confer particular organoleptic properties to the nectar, or make it deterrent or toxic to consumers. The secretion of EFN in cassava varies among plant parts (Ogburia, 2003), plant genotype (Pereira and Splittstoesser, 1987) and season (Toko et al, 1994) even though plants produce EFN throughout the growing season.…”

“…In cassava, few studies have addressed the importance of alternative food sources for predatory mites associated to this crop. Cassava leaf exudate arrests foraging adults (Bakker and Klein, 1992), supports nymphal development and enhances adult longevity (Bakker and Klein, 1992;Toko et al, 1994) of the predatory mite Typhlodromalus limonicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). However, adults of this species feeding exclusively on leaf exudate do not lay eggs (Toko et al, 1994).…”

“…Cassava leaf exudate arrests foraging adults (Bakker and Klein, 1992), supports nymphal development and enhances adult longevity (Bakker and Klein, 1992;Toko et al, 1994) of the predatory mite Typhlodromalus limonicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). However, adults of this species feeding exclusively on leaf exudate do not lay eggs (Toko et al, 1994). In a similar study, Gnanvossou et al (2005) found that cassava leaf exudate enhances the development of T. aripo and T. manihoti in the absence of prey but reproduction does not occur in T. manihoti.…”