Effect of cellulose oxalate as cellulosic reinforcement in ternary composites of polypropylene/maleated polypropylene/cellulose

Huang, Tianxiao; Kwan, Isabella; Li, Dongfang; Ek, Monica

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105894

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, they were not constant with the ones of many previous reports, which showed that only the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the PLA composites increased while the elongation at break decreased 10,16,45 after the addition the nanofiller. These mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites are often influenced by the dispersion of nanofillers and the interfacial interaction between nanofillers and the matrix 46 . The palmitoylated CNCs improved their dispersion in the hydrophobic PLA matrix and increased the interaction between them.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites are often influenced by the dispersion of nanofillers and the interfacial interaction between nanofillers and the matrix. 46 The palmitoylated CNCs improved their dispersion in the hydrophobic PLA matrix and increased the interaction between them. As a consequence, the contact area between the PLA molecular chains and the modified CNCs was increased and the stress transfer between them was facilitated.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous enhancement of the strength and the roughness of poly(lactic acid) using palmitoylated cellulose nanocrystal

et al. 2023

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The nanocomposite films from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and palmitoylated cellulose nanocrystals (e‐CNCs) were characterized using different techniques. Raman spectra showed the formation of hydrogen bonding interactions between the PLA and the e‐CNCs. The proper amount (1.0 wt%) of the e‐CNCs led to the formation of greater amounts of smaller PLA spherulites and increased the PLA crystallinity in comparison with the neat PLA sample. The scanning and transmission electron microscopy images showed that 1.0 wt% of the e‐CNCs could uniformly be dispersed in the PLA matrix and that the nanocomposite exhibited some elasticity. The dynamic rheological properties showed the formation of interconnected networks in the PLA/e‐CNCs composite at 1.0 wt% of the e‐CNCs. The analysis of the mechanical performance of the ensuing nanocomposite showed a 74% increase in tensile strength, a 62.1% increase in Young's modulus, and a 68.4% increase in the elongation at the break after the incorporation of 1.0 wt% of the e‐CNCs into the PLA. Therefore, the palmitoylated CNCs were highly promising for the simultaneous enhancement in the strength and the toughness of PLA.Highlights Reinforcement of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) by the palmitoylated CNCs. Simultaneous improvement in the strength and roughness of PLA sample. Entanglement and H‐bond between the palmitoylated CNCs and PLA molecular chain. More and smaller PLA crystals induced by the palmitoylated CNCs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous enhancement of the strength and the roughness of poly(lactic acid) using palmitoylated cellulose nanocrystal

et al. 2023

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“…21 Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) is commonly used to effectively increase the interfacial adhesion between cellulosic fillers and PP matrix due to the low cost, simple process, and absence of extra solvents compared with other chemical surface treatments. 2,[40][41][42] It is worth noting that MAPP may also change the SDCNC particles interaction, which would affect the percolation networks. 33 Therefore, the effect of adding MAPP on the percolation networks of SDCNC particles in polymer matrix deserves to be evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The other challenge associated with developing high‐performance PP composites using SDCNC particles is the inherent incompatibility between the hydrophilic SDCNC and the hydrophobic PP, which leads to poor interfacial adhesion between the components, a key factor influencing the tensile strength of composites 21 . Maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (MAPP) is commonly used to effectively increase the interfacial adhesion between cellulosic fillers and PP matrix due to the low cost, simple process, and absence of extra solvents compared with other chemical surface treatments 2,40–42 . It is worth noting that MAPP may also change the SDCNC particles interaction, which would affect the percolation networks 33 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of percolation threshold of spray‐dried cellulose nanocrystals in homopolymer polypropylene composites

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Understanding the percolation threshold is essential for determining the performance of particle‐reinforced polymer composites. Spray‐dried cellulose nanocrystals (SDCNC) of micrometer size reinforced homopolymer polypropylene (HPP) composites at 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt.% were prepared to investigate the percolation threshold of SDCNC particles in HPP. The effect of a compatibilizer (maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP)) at 3, 5, and 7 wt.%, on the SDCNC percolation networks and composites performance were also studied. The results indicated that SDCNC particle percolation networks in HPP were established between 30 and40 wt.%. For composites without MAPP, the impact strength significantly increased by up to 23% below the percolation threshold and declined beyond it. The peak crystallization temperature of HPP was steadily increased until 30 wt.% SDCNC particles were added due to the SDCNC saturated nucleation function at the threshold. Introducing MAPP significantly improved tensile strength (58%), tensile strain (61%), flexural strength (45%), and impact strength (91%) compared with the corresponding composites without MAPP, attributed to the enhanced interfacial adhesion between the SDCNC particles and HPP. Water absorption results indicated that adding MAPP changed the SDCNC particle distribution networks within the matrix above the percolation threshold but did not change it below the threshold.

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“…Hence, by adjusting the CI of the cellulose reinforcement, we could optimize the mechanical properties of the composite, where a balance between interfacial bonding and reinforcement strength is achieved. One way to adjust the CI is to use ball milling [32,33]. However, it is difficult to control the resultant CI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of the crystallinity index of cellulose on the flexural properties of hybrid-cellulose epoxy composites

POOPAKDEE,

THAMMAWICHAI

2024

J Met Mater Miner

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This work investigated the effects of the crystallinity index (CI) of cellulose on the flexural properties of hybrid-cellulose epoxy composites. The CI was varied by combining cellulose microfibrils (CMF) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), extracted from coir and eucalyptus, respectively, in various mixing ratios. From the XRD analysis, it was shown that the CI values and the CMF/MCC content follow a parabolic-fitting pattern, reaching a maximum value of 82.06% for the CMF/MCC of 30/70. The composites with cellulose of different CI values were fabricated and the flexural properties were measured. The results showed that the flexural strength increased as the CI increased, reaching a maximum of 105.45 MPa for a CI value of 81.87%. However, the flexural modulus displayed a parabolic relationship with respect to the CI value, reaching a maximum of 3,015.53 MPa for a CI value of 81.45%. FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the correlation between the interfacial bonding via hydrogen bonding of hydroxyl groups in cellulose and epoxy, the CI value, and the flexural properties. It was suggested that the strength of the cellulose was an important factor for the flexural strength of the composite, whereas both cellulose strength and interfacial bonding were crucial for the enhancement of the flexural modulus.

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Effect of cellulose oxalate as cellulosic reinforcement in ternary composites of polypropylene/maleated polypropylene/cellulose

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

Simultaneous enhancement of the strength and the roughness of poly(lactic acid) using palmitoylated cellulose nanocrystal

Simultaneous enhancement of the strength and the roughness of poly(lactic acid) using palmitoylated cellulose nanocrystal

Identification of percolation threshold of spray‐dried cellulose nanocrystals in homopolymer polypropylene composites

The effects of the crystallinity index of cellulose on the flexural properties of hybrid-cellulose epoxy composites

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