Effect of Chlorination on <i>Pasteurella tularensis</i> in Aqueous Suspension

Foote, H. B.; Jellison, William L.; Steinhaus, Edward A.; Kohls, Glen M.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1943.tb19847.x

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Ct values for a 3-log inactivation of Francisella tularensis ranged from 1.0 to 10.3. The slightly greater resistance of Francisella tularensis to chlorine was also observed by Foote et al (6) as determined by injection into guinea pigs.…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

Chlorine Inactivation of Bacterial Bioterrorism Agents

Rose

Rice

Jensen

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Seven species of bacterial select agents were tested for susceptibility to free available chlorine (FAC). Under test conditions, the FAC routinely maintained in potable water would be sufficient to reduce six species by 2 orders of magnitude within 10 min. Water contaminated with spores of Bacillus anthracis spores would require further treatment.The contamination of the U.S. mail system with anthrax spores in 2001 has heightened concern about the safety of other public services and utilities, including our water distribution systems. Currently, chlorination is the most common method of disinfecting drinking water in the United States (2, 3). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the water treatment industry use Ct values ("C" is the chlorine concentration in milligrams/liter, and "t" is the exposure time in minutes) to calculate microbial inactivation and to evaluate the effectiveness of a water treatment system. Ct tables have been developed for some waterborne pathogens to indicate conditions necessary for a 2-log 10 (99%) or 3-log 10 (99.9%) inactivation. The present study determined Ct values for 2-log and 3-log inactivation of seven species (11 isolates) on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) list of category A and B potential bioterrorism agents (12).The bacterial strains Bacillus anthracis Ames, Brucella melitensis ATCC 23456, Brucella suis EAM562, Burkholderia mallei M-9, Burkholderia mallei M-13, Burkholderia pseudomallei ATCC 1688, Francisella tularensis LVS, Francisella tularensis NY98, Yersinia pestis A1122, and Yersinia pestis Harbin were obtained from CDC laboratories. B. anthracis Sterne 34F2 was obtained from Colorado Serum Co., Denver, Colo.The effect of each chlorine concentration was tested in triplicate by using chlorine demand-free buffer (0.05 M KH 2 PO 4 ; pH 7) and maintained at 5 and 25°C. Testing methods are described elsewhere (4). Free available chlorine (FAC) and total chlorine were monitored by using DPD colorimetric analysis (1).Decay curves were generated for each organism by using the log 10 -transformed data of the mean CFU counts at each time, temperature, and chlorine concentration. Linear regressions of the appropriate segments of the decay curves were performed to estimate the time needed for a 99 or 99.9% reduction in viable counts. The Ct values were calculated by multiplying inactivation times for a given temperature and percent inactivation by the chlorine concentration at that time. The reported Ct values represent the mean of the Ct values calculated for each chlorine concentration.The results of the chlorine challenge and the calculated Ct values are shown in Table 1 for the gram-negative bacteria and in Table 2 for Bacillus anthracis spores. Burkholderia, Brucella, and Yersinia strains were more susceptible to chlorine treatment than Francisella tularensis, as shown by Ct values Յ0.7 for a 3-log inactivation of these organisms. Ct values for a 3-log inactivation of Francisella tularensis ranged from 1.0 to 10.3. The slightly greater resistanc...

show abstract

supporting

confidence: 73%

Chlorine Inactivation of Bacterial Bioterrorism Agents

Rose

Rice

Jensen

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The first published report on the inactivation of Francisella tularensis by chlorination appeared in this journal in 1943 (Foote et al 1943). The study was conducted by personnel from the Montana State Board of Health (Division of Water and Sewage) in conjunction with federal investigators from the National Institutes of Health at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory in Hamilton, Mont.…”

Section: Treatment Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shortly after the publication of Foote et al (1943), Russian researchers (Gotovskaia & Magaram 1945) reported on the bactericidal effect of chlorine as a drinking water disinfectant. In this study, animal (mouse) inoculation was used for determining viability.…”

Section: Treatment Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Control of Tularemia in Drinking Water

Rice

2015

Journal AWWA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, can be spread by a variety of routes. Contaminated drinking water can serve as one of the means of transmission. The organism is of concern both as a cause of naturally occurring disease and as a potential agent of bioterrorism. This review article summarizes information on drinking water outbreaks, sources of contamination, and the detection and persistence of this bacterial pathogen in the aquatic environment. Information is provided on the adequacy of disinfection processes for controlling the organism in potable water supplies.

show abstract

“…The causative agent, Pasteurella tularensis has an average incubation period of five days. Water-borne outbreaks cause4 by this organism have been definitely established as CONFIDENTIAL 10 CONFIDENTIAL the result of an investigation of an epidemic which occurred in Russia, Turkey, and perhaps in Czechoslovakia (7,24). Although for many years this organism has been thought to be very difficult to cultivate, there is evidence that under proper conditions it can propagate in nature outside an animal host (25).…”

Section: Pasteurella Tularensismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They noted that even a salinity due to two percent sodium chloride was not inhibitory. From the limited data available (24) it is shown that the organism has rather a long survival time in the presence of chlorine, thus indicating that this orgr-iism would be very good as a BW agent.…”

Section: Pasteurella Tularensismentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Applications of Bacteriological Warfare to Public Water Supplies

Maloney¹

1955

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Effect of Chlorination on Pasteurella tularensis in Aqueous Suspension

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Chlorine Inactivation of Bacterial Bioterrorism Agents

Chlorine Inactivation of Bacterial Bioterrorism Agents

Occurrence and Control of Tularemia in Drinking Water

Possible Applications of Bacteriological Warfare to Public Water Supplies

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About