Effect of clay addition on service properties of a developed OPF–CNSL–formaldehyde roofing material

Matrices from vegetable oils, cashew nut shell liquid, and other relevant systems for biocomposite applications

“…103 Roofing panels have been prepared from CNSL-based resols using sisal fiber 104 and oil palm fibers reinforcements. 105 Clay (30-35 wt%) has been incorporated into the CNSL-based natural fiber composites as way to further improve the mechanical properties (i.e. tensile strength, flexural strength) for low cost roofing materials.…”

“…tensile strength, flexural strength) for low cost roofing materials. 105 CNSL, as well as other materials generated as food supply chain waste, has garnered attention as a valuable, but underutilized resource for higher value applications. 106 CNSL has been identified as an ideal matrix material especially in underdeveloped areas of the world where cashews are grown.…”

“…While standard fillers like glass fiber mats have been used with CNSL-based matrices, 107 there is growing interest in developing CNSL-based composites using natural fillers, which are readily available locally. Examples of natural fibers that have been used to reinforce CNSL-based novalac or resole type resins include oil palm fibers, 105 sisal fibers, 108 kenaf, 109 hemp bast fibers, 109 buriti fibers, 110 jute fibers, 111 and coconut coir fibers. 112 Other renewable fillers include rice husks, 113 coffee husks, 114 and sawdust.…”