Effect of CO, NOx and SO2 on ROS production, photosynthesis and ascorbate–glutathione pathway to induce Fragaria×annasa as a hyperaccumulator

Abstract

A study was conducted to determine the effect of carbon monoxide (CO), nitroxide (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on ROS production, photosynthesis and ascorbate–glutathione pathway in strawberry plants. The results showed that both singlet oxygen (O2−1) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content increased in CO, NOx and SO2 treated strawberry leaves. A drastic reduction of primary metabolism of plants (photosynthesis), with the closure of stomata, resulted in a reduction of protein, carbohydrate and sucrose content due to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under prolonged exposure of gas stress. The resulting antioxidant enzymes were increased under a low dose of gas stress, whereas they were decreased due to a high dose of gas stress. Our results indicate that increased ROS may act as a signal to induce defense responses to CO, NOx and SO2 gas stress. The increased level of antioxidant enzymes plays a significant role in plant protection due to which strawberry plants can be used as a hyperaccumulator to maintain environmental pollution, however, the defense capacity cannot sufficiently alleviate oxidative damage under prolonged exposure of CO, NOx and SO2 stress.

Tolerance to clomazone herbicide is linked to the state of LHC, PQ-pool and ROS detoxification in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

“…The data of Ackerson and Hebert (1981) showed large starch granules in stress-adapted plants. Moreover, greater starch accumulation in plants cells was associated with the greater resistance of their photosynthetic apparatus to oxidative stress (Muneer et al, 2014). Compared to those in Xanthi, the symptoms of programmed cell death (PCD) that were observed in sections from the clomazonetreated Virginie plantlets (Fig.…”

The mechanism of SO2‐induced stomatal closure differs from O3 and CO2 responses and is mediated by nonapoptotic cell death in guard cells

“…The mechanism of SO 2 diffusion into the plant body and its effects on plant metabolism have long been established (Horsman & Wellburn, ; Kropff, ; Malhotra & Hocking, ; Muneer, Kim, Choi, Lee, & Lee, ; Thomas, Hendricks, & Hill, ). However, the action of SO 2 in inducing stomatal closure remains concealed.…”

“…Apoptosis that is accompanied with DNA laddering can occur as hypersensitive response to incompatible pathogens and O 3 -induced hypersensitive response-like lesion (Pasqualini et al, 2003;Reape, Molony, & McCabe, 2008). TUNEL assay detecting DNA laddering of the chromosome was conducted on guard cells treated with 2 hr of H 2 SO 3 to explore whether the cell death was apoptotic or not The mechanism of SO 2 diffusion into the plant body and its effects on plant metabolism have long been established (Horsman & Wellburn, 1977;Kropff, 1991;Malhotra & Hocking, 1976;Muneer, Kim, Choi, Lee, & Lee, 2014;Thomas, Hendricks, & Hill, 1950). However, the action of SO 2 in inducing stomatal closure remains concealed.…”

Dynamics of plant responses to combinations of air pollutants

“…A recent study in strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa ) investigating plant responses after treatment with different low, medium and high doses of CO (133–533 ppb), NO x and SO 2 (0.05–0.20 ppm) showed that prolonged exposure to the pollutants resulted in continuous ROS production in leaves, with a negative effect on stomatal closure and photosynthesis (Muneer et al . ). While antioxidant enzyme activity increased at low doses, it decreased during exposure to high doses, possibly reaching the total capacity limit of the plant defence response.…”

“…As we will discuss, air pollutants can have multiple negative effects on plant biochemical and physiological processes, with effects that are always dose‐dependent (Muneer et al . ) and usually result in visible symptoms in leaves. According to these dynamics, exposure to mixtures of air pollutants can induce responses in the plant at several levels.…”