“…However, increasing AgNP concentration at AgNPs-200 for coating, the tensile strength decreased to 24.93 MPa. Vaezi et al [ 63 ] indicated that the agglomeration of nanoparticles might result in the decrease of tensile strength. Fig.…”
The use of active packaging has attracted considerable attention over recent years to prevent and decrease the risk of bacterial and viral infection. Thus, this work aims to develop active packaging using a paper coated with green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Effects of different silver nitrate (AgNO
3
) concentrations, viz. 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM (AgNPs-50, AgNPs-100, AgNPs-150, and AgNPs-200, respectively), on green synthesis of AgNPs and coated paper properties were investigated. A bio-reducing agent from mangosteen peel extract (ex-Garcinia mangostana (GM)) and citric acid as a crosslinking agent for a starch/polyvinyl alcohol matrix were also used in the synthetic process. The presence of AgNPs, ex-GM, and citric acid indicated the required synergistic antibacterial activities for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The paper coated with AgNPs-150 showed complete inactivation of virus within 1 min. Water resistance and tensile strength of paper improved when being coated with AgNPs-150. The tensile strength of the coated paper was found to be in the same range as that of a common packaging paper. Result revealed that the obtained paper coated with AgNPs was proven to be effective in antibacterial and antiviral activities; hence, it could be used as an active packaging material for items that require manual handling by a number of people.
“…However, increasing AgNP concentration at AgNPs-200 for coating, the tensile strength decreased to 24.93 MPa. Vaezi et al [ 63 ] indicated that the agglomeration of nanoparticles might result in the decrease of tensile strength. Fig.…”
The use of active packaging has attracted considerable attention over recent years to prevent and decrease the risk of bacterial and viral infection. Thus, this work aims to develop active packaging using a paper coated with green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Effects of different silver nitrate (AgNO
3
) concentrations, viz. 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM (AgNPs-50, AgNPs-100, AgNPs-150, and AgNPs-200, respectively), on green synthesis of AgNPs and coated paper properties were investigated. A bio-reducing agent from mangosteen peel extract (ex-Garcinia mangostana (GM)) and citric acid as a crosslinking agent for a starch/polyvinyl alcohol matrix were also used in the synthetic process. The presence of AgNPs, ex-GM, and citric acid indicated the required synergistic antibacterial activities for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The paper coated with AgNPs-150 showed complete inactivation of virus within 1 min. Water resistance and tensile strength of paper improved when being coated with AgNPs-150. The tensile strength of the coated paper was found to be in the same range as that of a common packaging paper. Result revealed that the obtained paper coated with AgNPs was proven to be effective in antibacterial and antiviral activities; hence, it could be used as an active packaging material for items that require manual handling by a number of people.
“…Nanocellulose, be it as CNFs or as CNCs, is also used along with cationic starches in the coating formulation for increasing the mechanical, barrier and optical properties of paper. A formulation comprising paper grade CS (95%) and nanocrystals (5%) produced a timid increase in the tensile index, from 45 to 54 N m g −1 , but the improvement in air resistance (Gurley method) was impressive, from 46 to 721 s per 100 mL [184]. In contrast, a suspension of HCS and nanofibrils [185] resulted in a slight enhancement of air resistance, from 21 to roughly 55 s per 100 mL, but the tensile index increased from 27.8 to 41.3 N m g −1 .…”
“…Cationic starches are important industrial derivatives in which the starch is given positive ionic charge by introducing ammonium, amino, imino, or phosphonium groups [1]. Utilization of cationic starches mainly located in the field of papermaking [2][3][4][5][6], as additives in manufacturing textile [7][8][9] and cosmetics [10], or flocculants in wastewater treatment [11,12]. In addition, studies on the application of cationic starch in drug delivery, are also in progress [13][14][15].…”
Modification and characterizations of cationic sago starch with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) prepared via etherification reaction was reported in this study. The optimization of cationic sago starch modification was performed by utilizing the combination of response surface methodology and central composite design (RSM/CCD). The effect of each variable and the interaction between the three variables, the concentration of CHPTAC, concentration of the catalyst NaOH, and the reaction times on the degree of substitution (DS) of the product were investigated and modeled. Moderate conditions were employed and a water-soluble cationic sago starch with high DS value was obtained. Based on RSM, the highest DS = 1.195 was obtained at optimum conditions: 0.615 mol of CHPTAC concentration (CHPTAC/SS = 5), 30% w/v NaOH, and 5 h reaction time, at 60 °C reaction temperature. Furthermore, the cationic sago starch was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, XRD, and field emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM.
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