Effect of Concentration of Surfactant on the Exfoliation of Graphite to Graphene in Aqueous Media

Abstract

Graphite was exfoliated to graphene by tip sonic using sodium cholate as a surfactant in the presence of Millipore water as a medium. The use of water as a solvent for exfoliation purposes is very important due to its environmentally friendly nature and almost no cost, contrary to organic media. Two different concentration ratios of surfactants are used in the present work. As a result, graphene dispersions with two different concentrations of 5 mg/ml and about 7 mg/ml respectively were obtained in aqueous media. It was observed that the optimum concentration of surfactant has an effective role in the exfoliation of graphite to graphene. Concentrations of graphene dispersions were studied through UV spectroscopy, while Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to study the quality of the exfoliated graphene flakes.

Assisted Tip Sonication Approach for Graphene Synthesis in Aqueous Dispersion

“…In addition, I D /I G ratio for our graphene is a reasonable value as compared with the state of the art. Nawaz et al could produce graphene with sodium cholate in water [ 66 ]. The I D /I G ratio was 0.317 after 96 h sonication time.…”

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a case review of two cases

“…[1][2][3][4] It is most commonly seen in immunocompromised patients and have associated urinary tract infection and/ or urolithiasis. 3,[8][9][10][11] It is characterized by infectious phlegmon arising in the renal pelvis and extending into the medulla and cortex which are gradually destroyed and replaced by lipid laden macrophages (Xanthoman cells). [2][3][4][5][6][9][10][11][12] Three forms of the disease have been recognized.…”

“…3,[8][9][10][11] It is characterized by infectious phlegmon arising in the renal pelvis and extending into the medulla and cortex which are gradually destroyed and replaced by lipid laden macrophages (Xanthoman cells). [2][3][4][5][6][9][10][11][12] Three forms of the disease have been recognized. 1,12 - Diffuse -It is most common in adults…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Oberling named the disease as Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in 1935. 9 It represents 1% of all renal infections.…”

“…4,8  The laboratory picture is that of leukocytosis with raised ESR and anemia. 1,3,6,7,8,12  The most common organisms implicated in the development of disease are E. coli and Proteus mirabilis. [1][2][3][4][5][7][8][9][10]12  Grossly, the kidneys are enlarged with thickened capsule and yellow nodules with or without central necrosis.…”