Hodgkin and Huxley showed that even if the filaments are dissolved, a neuron’s membrane alone can generate and transmit the nerve spike. Regulating the time gap between spikes is key to the brain’s cognitive function; however, the time modulation mechanism is still a mystery. By inserting a coaxial probe deep inside a neuron, we repeatedly show that the filaments transmit electromagnetic signals of ~200 μs before an ionic nerve spike sets in. To understand its origin, here, we mapped the electromagnetic vortex produced by a filamentary bundle deep inside a neuron, regulating the nerve spike’s electrical-ionic vortex. We used monochromatic polarized light to measure the transmitted signals beating from the internal components of a cultured neuron. A nerve spike is a 3D ring of the electric field encompassing the perimeter of a neural branch. Several such vortices flow sequentially to keep precise timing for the brain’s cognition. The filaments hold millisecond order time gaps between membrane spikes with microsecond order signaling of electromagnetic vortices. Dielectric resonance images revealed that ordered filaments inside neural branches instruct the ordered grid-like network of actin–beta-spectrin just below the membrane. That layer builds a pair of electric field vortices, which coherently activates all ion-channels in a circular area of the membrane lipid bilayer when a nerve spike propagates. When biomaterials vibrate resonantly with microwave and radio-wave, simultaneous quantum optics capture ultra-fast events in a non-demolition mode, revealing multiple correlated time-domain operations beyond the Hodgkin–Huxley paradigm. Neuron holograms pave the way to understanding the filamentary circuits of a neural network in addition to membrane circuits.

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The current action potential paradigm considers that all components beneath the neuron membrane are inconsequential. Filamentary communication is less known to the ionic signal transmission; recently, we have proposed that the two are intimately linked through time domains. We modified the atom probe-connected dielectric resonance scanner to operate in two-time domains, milliseconds and microseconds simultaneously for the first time. We resonate the ions for imaging rather than neutralizing them as patch clamps do; resonant transmission images the ion flow 10 3 times faster than the existing methods. We revisited action potential-related events by scanning in and around the axon initial segment (AIS). Four ordered structures in the cytoskeletal filaments exchange energy ~250 µs before a neuron fires, editing spike-time-gap-key to the brain's cognition. We could stop firing above a threshold or initiate a fire by wirelessly pumping electromagnetic signals. We theoretically built AIS, whose simulated electromagnetic energy exchange matched the experiment. Thus far, the scanner could detect & link uncorrelated biological events unfolding over 10 6 orders in the time scale simultaneously. Our experimental findings support a new dielectric resonator model of neuron functioning in various time domains, thus suggesting the dynamic anatomy of electrical activity as information-rich.

We tried to expand the horizon of graphene oxide (GO) reduction methods through chlorophyll-a (CHL-a) molecules which is inclined to react favourably with GO by virtue of photo excited electron transfer from singlet excited CHL-a LUMO [-0.7volt] to GO [-0.4] in aqueous media favoured by the interactive affinity between CHL-a and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which is ensured through π-π interaction between CHL-a macro-cycle and GO surface, resulting in the formation of CHL-a + radical cation which might favor the oxidation of water with oxygen evolution. The formation of RGO after photo-exposure also can be confirmed via TEM and Raman spectra measurement. Gradual restoration of sp2 hybridisation in GO frame work with increasing CHL-a concentration can be correlated with the enhanced contribution of the conformation in which electron transfer is efficient from CHL-a to GO, [also supported by XPS and XRD data] this fact corroborates the faster component augmentation towards overall excited state life time. The applicability of this GO/CHL-a nanohybrid as a possible electro-catalyst, to be used for oxygen reduction in energy conversion systems such as fuel cell has also been explored through cyclic voltammetry. All these results cumulatively highlight towards an effective environment friendly mechanism of the photoexcited CHL-a assisted deoxygenation of GO in aqueous media, which eventually give rise to RGO/CHL-a nano-hybrid as an potential electro-catalyst in next generation bio-fuel cell.Restoration of sp2 hybridization in GO framework where photo excited electron can be transferred from CHL-a to GO and can be ensured via π interactive affair between CHL-a and RGO surface, resulting in a formation of RGO\CHL-a nano hybrid, where CHL-a cation stabilised itself by accepting electron from aqueous environment and eventually give rise to an efficient electron transfer nano hybrid catalyst in next generation bio-fuel cell.