“…Many studies show that contract farming improve largely farm productivity and households income or welfare such as those by Girma and Gardebroek (2015), Naryananan, (2014), Dedehouanou et al (2013), Cahyadi and Waibel (2013), Bellemare (2012), Maertens and Swinnen (2009), Miyata et al (2009), Minten et al (2009), and Bolwig et al (2009). However, few studies have estimated the effect of CF on profitability (Hu, 2013). In addition, most CF studies have examined high-value products including industrial crops, horticulture, poultry, and dairy, but rarely staple foods (Maertens and Velde, 2017;Minot, 1986).…”