Effect of Cooling Rate and Aging Process on Wear Behavior of Deformed TC21 Ti-Alloy

Elshaer, Ramadan N.; Ibrahim, Khaled M.; Lotfy, Ibrahim; Abdel-Latif, Mahmoud

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.835.265

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Recently, the TC21 titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-3Mo-1Cr-2Nb-Si (wt.%)) is considered a new version in aerospace applications that replaced the commercial Ti-6Al-4V grade five titanium alloys. It belongs to the family of (α + β) titanium alloys with high strength, toughness, and damage-tolerance properties [ 8 ]. With the use of the TC21 alloy in aircraft components, such as landing gear or the flap track, there will be a significant advantage in terms of a weight reduction for such aircraft [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process

et al. 2021

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The TC21 alloy (Ti-6Al-3Mo-1.9Nb-2.2Sn-2.2Zr-1.5Cr) is considered a new titanium alloy that replaced the commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy in aerospace applications due to its higher operating temperatures. Recently, direct energy deposition was usually applied to enhance the hardness, tribological properties, and corrosion resistance for many alloys. Consequently, this study was performed by utilizing direct energy deposition (DED) on TC21 (α/β) titanium alloy to improve their mechanical properties by depositing a mixture powder of stellite-6 (Co-based alloy) and tungsten carbides particles (WC). Different WC percentages were applied to the surfaces of TC21 using a 4 kW continuous-wave fiber-coupled diode laser at a constant powder feeding rate. This study aimed to obtain a uniform distribution of hard surfaces containing undissolved WC particles that were dispersed in a Co-based alloy matrix to enhance the wear resistance of such alloys. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were used to characterize the deposited layers. New constituents and intermetallic compounds were found in the deposited layers. The microhardness was measured for all deposited layers and wear resistance was evaluated at room temperature using a dry sliding ball during a disk abrasion test. The results showed that the microstructure of the deposited layer consisted of a hypereutectic structure and undissolved tungsten carbide dispersed in the matrix of the Co-based alloy that depended on the WC weight fraction. The microhardness values increased with increasing WC weight fraction in the deposited powder by more than threefold as compared with the as-cast samples. A notable enhancement of wear resistance of the deposited layers was thus achieved.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process

et al. 2021

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“…5 b. Ploughing or plastic deformation is observed to be higher at a sliding speed of 2 m/s due to increasing the shear stress between the rotating ring and the sample during wear test, Fig. 5 c. In addition, delamination wear mechanism can be seen with high sliding speed (2 m/s) due to increasing the plastic deformation over the worn surface [29].…”

Section: Wear Property Of Ti-6al-4vmentioning

confidence: 94%

Influence of microstructure features on wear behavior of Ti-6Al4V alloy

Abouelela

Elshaer²

2022

International Journal of Materials Technology and Innovation

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The transition from mild to severe wear mechanism of Ti-6Al4V alloy was investigated. Microstructure and wear micromechanisms were also investigated. The as-cast samples were subjected to hot swaging at 900°C, followed by two separate solution treatments on the swaged samples. The first treatment was applied at a temperature of 850 °C (below the β-transus temperature) for getting a bimodal structure (α+β), while the second treatment was performed at 1050 °C (above the β-transus) for getting a lamellar structure (β). The solution-treated lamellar structure resulted in an ultimate strength of 1335 MPa and a hardness of 440 HV20 which are significantly superior to the bimodal structure. The wear behavior of the studied Ti64 alloy was investigated at different sliding speeds in the range of 0.5 to 2.5 m/s with 0.5 m/s interval. The transition from mild to severe wear mechanism was obtained at 1.5 m/s. The lowest wear rate was reported for the samples solution treated at 1050 °C due to their fine lamellae (α+β) structure and the high hardness. SEM was used to evaluate the worn surfaces of some samples to determine the wear micro-mechanisms.

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“…Those disadvantages include large expenses, complicated procedures, high energy consumption, and environmental hazards 27 . In addition, it was noticed that all researchers 4,[10][11][12][13] , only investigate the effect of one input factor at a time on the wear characteristics. So, the current work aims to narrow this gap and to the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to develop a regression model for the wear rate under dry sliding wear condition of TC21 Ti-alloy against high-speed steel (HSS) using RSM.…”

Section: Modeling Of Wear Resistance For Tc21 Ti-alloy Using Response...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The wear behavior of TC21 has been investigated from both sliding wear and fretting wear perspectives. Elshear et al 10 investigated the effect of cooling rate and aging process on wear behavior of deformed TC21 Ti-alloy. The better combination of properties was achieved by air-cooled and aged (AC + aging) condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of wear resistance for TC21 Ti-alloy using response surface methodology

Abdelmoneim

Elshaer

El-Shennawy

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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This study investigated the effect of heat treatment processes on the dry sliding wear resistance of the TC21 Ti-alloy at several levels of normal load and sliding speed. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been used as a design of the experiment procedure. OM and FESEM besides XRD analysis were used for results justification. Highest hardness of 49 HRC was recorded for WQ + Aging specimens due to the plenty of α″ which decomposed to αs and the more αs, while the lowest hardness of 36 HRC was reported for WQ specimens. The results revealed that specimens subjected to water quenching and aging (WQ + Aging) under extreme load and speed conditions (50 N and 3 m/s), possessed the poorest wear resistance although they had the highest hardness. While those left in the annealed condition revealed the highest wear resistance although they had much lower hardness when compared to other conditions. A mathematical polynomial model for wear resistance expressed in wear rate was developed, validated then used to get the optimum parameters.

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Effect of Cooling Rate and Aging Process on Wear Behavior of Deformed TC21 Ti-Alloy

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process

Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process

Influence of microstructure features on wear behavior of Ti-6Al4V alloy

Modeling of wear resistance for TC21 Ti-alloy using response surface methodology

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