Effect of Curing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Bio-phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends

Ismail, Ahmad; Jawaid, Mohammad; Hamid, Nor Aziati Abdul; Yahaya, Ridwan; Hassan, Azman; Asim, Mohammad; Bakar, Mohd Supian Abu

doi:10.1007/s10924-021-02244-w

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In the 0° direction, the tensile strength increased by 5.82%, but the tensile modulus decreased by 12.54%. However, the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and shear strength in the 45° direction showed little change, and the test results are in good agreement with Ismail’s [ 41 ] results.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The results showed that the hardness and flexural strength of both CFRP and GFRP were improved, but the mechanical strength of CFRP was not significantly improved, and that of GFRP was slightly improved. Ismail et al [ 41 ] investigated the effect of curing temperature on the mechanical properties of bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends. The results showed that the tensile strength of the blends was proportional to the curing temperature, and the tensile modulus was inversely proportional to the curing temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Study of Curing Temperature Effect on Mechanical Performance of Carbon Fiber Composites with Application to Filament Winding Pressure Vessel Design

et al. 2023

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During the forming process of carbon fiber composite pressure vessels, the parameters of the curing and forming processes become one of the critical factors affecting the production cost and forming quality. The curing temperature of 4251 A4/B2 epoxy resin is measured in this research, and the effect of curing temperature on the mechanical properties of composite materials for winding is studied, which is finally verified in the test of pressure vessels. First, the actual curing temperature of the epoxy resin is tested and analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Second, under two different curing regimes, the tensile and flexural properties are tested by making pure epoxy resin matrix test pieces, Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) rings, and carbon fiber composite unidirectional plates that affect the overall performance of composite pressure vessels. At the same time, the test results provide reliable process parameters for numerical simulation and manufacturing of pressure vessels. Finally, the filament-wound 35 MPa type III pressure vessel is cured and carried out using a hydraulic burst test. The results show the resin matrix has good fluidity and excellent interface bonding with carbon fiber when the curing temperature is 112 °C. Compared with the results in curing temperature of 100 °C, the tensile strength of the NOL ring reaches 2260.8 MPa, up by 22%. In the 90° direction, the tensile and flexural strengths of the unidirectional plates increase by 68.86% and 37.42%, respectively. In the 0° direction, the tensile and flexural strengths of the unidirectional plates increase by 5.82% and 1.16%, respectively. The pressure vessel bursting form is reasonable and meets the CGH2R standard. The bursting pressure of the vessel is up to 104.4 MPa, which verifies the rationality of the curing regime used in the curing process of the pressure vessel. Based on the results of this paper, the curing temperature affects the fluidity of the epoxy resin, which in turn affects the interfacial bonding properties of the composite, and the forming quality of the wound components and the pressure vessel, ultimately. When using 4251A4/B2 epoxy resin for wet winding pressure vessels, the choice of a 112 °C curing temperature will help improve the vessel’s overall performance. This work could provide reliable experience and insight into the curing process analysis of pressure vessel manufacturing.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of Curing Temperature Effect on Mechanical Performance of Carbon Fiber Composites with Application to Filament Winding Pressure Vessel Design

et al. 2023

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“…Also, the increase in bioresin content has led to the % elongation at break of the samples due to the presence of aliphatic chains of bio-resin, which imparts flexibility to the polymeric matrix. Similar results were reported by A. S. Ismail et al with blending bio-phenolic resin with epoxy [21,22].…”

Section: Tensile Testsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of Plant Oil Derived Bio-Resin and Curing Temperature on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Network

Sekar,

Lal

2023

JBBBE

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The depletion of petrochemical resources and greater worldwide environmental consciousness has led to a growing interest in polymers made from renewable resources during the last two decades. Hence, this work has attempted to reduce the dependence on petroleum-based epoxy by partially replacing it with epoxidized castor oil (ECO). The ECO was blended with epoxy at 10, 20, and 30% and cured with amine hardener. The effect of bio-resin on tensile, flexural, impact strength and dynamic mechanical properties were investigated. Further, the result of post-curing temperature on static and dynamic properties was examined. It was found that the addition of ECO up to 30% increased the impact strength. The 20% ECO sample showed balanced stiffness to toughness property and could be considered for semi-structural composite applications. The post-curing of samples at 150 °C showed better mechanical and dynamic properties except for impact strength.

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“…On the other hand, it also enables a precise layup of the impregnated strand on the rotating mandrel, i.e., the previous layer without any gaps or overlapping [24,25]. Due to the deposition of multilayers, there is a cyclic profile of tem-perature in the FW process, which is considerably related to fabrication and, consequently, with the curing kinetics of epoxy resin systems, curing temperature, and strength of the manufactured parts [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. In parallel with the study of the process parameters effect, a few thermal analyses (TGA and DSC) of epoxy resin and composite specimens have been measured to determine the range of curing temperature, degradation of the composites, glass fiber weight percentage, and volatile materials, i.e., thermal and dimensional stability of composite pipes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Process Parameters on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Filament Wound Polymer-Based Composite Pipes

et al. 2023

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The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical and thermal properties of composite pipes based on epoxy resin and glass fibers produced by filament winding (FW) technology. Epoxy resins are widely used polymers in FW composite structures. The thermal characterization of the neat epoxy resin, curing, and post-curing characteristics for the determination of polymerization and glass transition temperature was performed, which is important for the mechanical properties of polymer composite pipes. In the present work, the applicability of the full factorial experimental design in predicting the hoop tensile and compressive strengths of glass fiber/epoxy resin composite pipes was investigated. The composite pipes in accordance with the 23 full factorial experimental design by using of three parameters and two levels of variation were prepared. The winding speed of the composites was taken to be the first factor, the second was the fiber tension, and the third was winding angle. To approximate the response, i.e., the mechanical properties of the composite pipes within the study domain, the first-order linear model with the interaction was used. The influence of each individual factor to the response function was established, as well as the influence of the interaction of the two and three factors. Additionally, those results were completed with the thermal characterization of the polymer composite pipes. From received results from mechanical and thermal characterization, it was concluded that the properties of composite specimens were highly affected by the analyzed parameters in filament winding technology. It was found that the estimated first-degree regression equation with the interaction gave a very good approximation of the experimental results of the hoop tensile and the compressive strengths of composite pipes within the study domain.

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Effect of Curing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Bio-phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Experimental Study of Curing Temperature Effect on Mechanical Performance of Carbon Fiber Composites with Application to Filament Winding Pressure Vessel Design

Experimental Study of Curing Temperature Effect on Mechanical Performance of Carbon Fiber Composites with Application to Filament Winding Pressure Vessel Design

Effect of Plant Oil Derived Bio-Resin and Curing Temperature on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Network

Effect of Process Parameters on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Filament Wound Polymer-Based Composite Pipes

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