Effect of Current Density on the Nucleation and Growth of Crystal Facets during Pulse Electrodeposition of Sn–Cu Lead-Free Solder

Mallik, Manila; Mitra, Arijit; Sengupta, Srijan; Das, Karabi; Ghosh, Ranajoy; Das, Siddhartha

doi:10.1021/cg501440a

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…At any particular current density, the lattice plane which has low surface energy and thermodynamically stable is preferable direction of growth and the surface energy of the each planes varies with the current density due to change in the formation hydrogen species. 21 In present case, for low current density (0.1 mA/cm 2 , the (002) plane has low surface energy and it is the favoured direction of the ZnO growth. The (002) plane is parallel to c-axis and growth in this direction leads to the formation nanorod shape.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Morphology Control of Zinc Oxide Nanostructure on Single Layer Graphene

Ahn¹,

Vijayarangamuthu²,

Jeon³

2016

j nanosci nanotechnol

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Various morphologies of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures on single layer graphene were synthesized by electrodeposition method. The current density was utilized to control the morphology of the ZnO. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to examine the surface morphology of the samples. SEM analysis shows morphology changes to nanorod, flower, and flakes with increase in the current density from 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mA/cm(-1) respectively. The XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy were adopted to characterize the ZnO nanostructure and to understand the formation of various morphologies. The Raman result clearly shows extra modes due to for flakes structure caused by c-axis orientation along the substrate direction. Further, XPS data also supports formation of ZnO without any other intermediate compound such as Zn(OH)2. The formation of various morphologies was correlated to the formation different ratio of Zn2+ and OH- ions and the change in growth direction due to various current densities.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Morphology Control of Zinc Oxide Nanostructure on Single Layer Graphene

Ahn¹,

Vijayarangamuthu²,

Jeon³

2016

j nanosci nanotechnol

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“…It is well-known that coadsorption of foreign species like H 2 gas affect the growth direction and crystal shape of electrodeposits. 26 However, in both cases, no hydrogen evolution was observed. Hence, this proves that the crystal shape is decided by the applied potential difference or the overpotential of the electrocrystallization.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…25 In our previous work on Sn−Cu eutectic solder, we have evaluated the morphological aspect of Sn crystals electrodeposited under pulsed galvanostatic conditions. 26 A similar shape controlled electrodeposition of Sn crystals was also performed by Muller et al from Sn(II) fluoroborate solutions. 27 A common aspect observed in all these publications is that the thermodynamics of the system is directly related to the kinetics of the system; i.e., an increase in the overpotential for deposition results in the increase in the current density for deposition.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…The direction having the fastest growth velocity will eventually get annihilated at the surface, and only the slow growing planes will remain at the surface. 26 The crystal indicated by the arrow in Figure 5a can be identified as the cylindrical crystal in the same figure with {1 1 1} planes emerging from it during growth. Also, the area of {1 0 0} planes in Figure 5b decreases, while the area of {1 1 1} planes increases.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Anodic Passivation at High Applied Potential Difference on the Crystal Shape and Morphology of Copper Electrodeposits: Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Electrocrystallization

Mitra

Mallik

Sengupta

et al. 2017

Crystal Growth & Design

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In this paper, we discuss the effect of potential difference and current density on the crystal morphologies of copper electrodeposits. Their individual roles have been identified by creating a passivation layer in situ at the anode during deposition, which instantaneously reduces the current density in the system while maintaining a high potential difference. It is observed that the crystal shape is decided by the potential difference and current density determines the rate at which that shape is achieved. In a copper system, at high overpotentials, coherent twin boundaries are formed due to their low formation energy as compared to high angle grain boundaries, high index surface planes, etc. Without the presence of any foreign species like H 2 bubbles during the crystallization process, the slowest growth direction is identified to be <1 1 1>. The passivation layer is formed due to a pH distribution in the electrolyte caused by the high electric field. A new methodology to explain the formation of the passivation layer is proposed, which is performed by analyzing the current transients generated using Kirchhoff's Laws.

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“…In order to minimize the net change of Gibbs free energy, the surface energy must be low. [26] Under the low surface energy, the adsorption of atoms becomes easier.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and magnetic properties of cylindrical permalloy nanowire arrays

et al. 2021

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Cylindrical permalloy nanowire arrays are prepared by employing anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template-assisted electrochemical deposition method. To prepare high-quality permalloy nanowire, the effects of different deposition parameters (pulse current density, concentration and pH value of the electrolyte, and deposition temperature) on the chemical composition, uniformity, and magnetic properties of the nanowires are systematically investigated. A high-quality permalloy nanowire with good magnetic properties of M S ≈ 5.7 × 10 5 A/m and α ≈ 0.04 has been successfully prepared by optimizing the preparation scheme, which can provide technical support for mass production of cylindrical permalloy nanowire for spintronic devices.

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Effect of Current Density on the Nucleation and Growth of Crystal Facets during Pulse Electrodeposition of Sn–Cu Lead-Free Solder

Cited by 21 publications

References 25 publications

Morphology Control of Zinc Oxide Nanostructure on Single Layer Graphene

Morphology Control of Zinc Oxide Nanostructure on Single Layer Graphene

Effect of Anodic Passivation at High Applied Potential Difference on the Crystal Shape and Morphology of Copper Electrodeposits: Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Electrocrystallization

Preparation and magnetic properties of cylindrical permalloy nanowire arrays

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