Effect of deep tube well use on childhood diarrhoea in Bangladesh

Escamilla, Verónica; Wagner, Brandon; Yunus, Muhammad; Streatfield, P. K.; Geen, Alexander van; Emch, Michael

doi:10.2471/blt.10.085530

Cited by 28 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Distance to roads, which could facilitate social interaction, was also included as a covariate. We also included depth of the nearest tubewell as a covariate, because tubewell depth is expected to be inversely associated with disease risk (Escamilla et al 2011). Using the above data, the spatial disturbance model was of the form: Y = ρ 1 W 1 Y + ρ 2 W 2 Y + Xβ .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Spatial and Social Network Analysis in Disease Transmission Studies

Emch

Root

Giebultowicz

et al. 2012

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

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This study presents a case study of how social network and spatial analytical methods can be used simultaneously for disease transmission modeling. The paper first reviews strategies employed in previous studies and then offers the example of transmission of two bacterial diarrheal diseases in rural Bangladesh. The goal is to understand how diseases vary socially above and beyond the effects of the local neighborhood context. Patterns of cholera and shigellosis incidence are analyzed in space and within kinship-based social networks in Matlab, Bangladesh. Data include a spatially referenced longitudinal demographic database which consists of approximately 200,000 people and laboratory-confirmed cholera and shigellosis cases from 1983 to 2003. Matrices are created of kinship ties between households using a complete network design and distance matrices are also created to model spatial relationships. Moran's I statistics are calculated to measure clustering within both social and spatial matrices. Combined spatial effects-spatial disturbance models are built to simultaneously analyze spatial and social effects while controlling for local environmental context. Results indicate that cholera and shigellosis always clusters in space and only sometimes within social networks. This suggests that the local environment is most important for understanding transmission of both diseases however kinship-based social networks also influence their transmission. Simultaneous spatial and social network analysis can help us better understand disease transmission and this study has offered several strategies on how.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Spatial and Social Network Analysis in Disease Transmission Studies

Emch

Root

Giebultowicz

et al. 2012

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

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“…To prevent water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, and typhoid, and to reduce the childhood mortality, millions of tubewells were installed to provide safe drinking water supplies to the inhabitants of Bangladesh, India and other Asian countries (Smith et al, 2000;Harvey et al, 2002;UNICEF, 2003;Escamilla et al, 2011). Groundwater is the primary source of potable water in the Bengal deltaic plain of Bangladesh and West Bengal state of India (Rahman et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of arsenic and other elements in groundwater of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India: Potential cancer risk

2015

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We investigated the concentrations of 23 elements in groundwater from arsenic (As) contaminated areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India to determine the potential human exposure to metals and metalloids. Elevated concentrations of As was found in all five study areas that exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 10μg/L. The mean As concentrations in groundwater of Noakhali, Jalangi and Domkal, Dasdia Nonaghata, Deganga and Baruipur were 297μg/L, 262μg/L, 115μg/L, 161μg/L and 349μg/L, respectively. Elevated concentrations of Mn were also detected in all areas with mean concentrations were 139μg/L, 807μg/L, 341μg/L, 579μg/L and 584μg/L for Noakhali, Jalangi and Domkal, Dasdia Nonaghata, Deganga and Baruipur, respectively. Daily As intakes from drinking water for adults and the potential cancer risk for all areas was also estimated. Results suggest that mitigation activities such as water treatment should not only be focused on As but must also consider other elements including Mn, B and Ba. The groundwater used for public drinking purposes needs to be tested periodically for As and other elements to ensure the quality of drinking water is within the prescribed national guidelines.

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“…In rural Bangladesh, the population density is high, sanitation is poor, and diarrheal disease morbidity 19,20 is very high, causing an estimated 11 % of all deaths 21 . The majority of villagers obtain their drinking water from shallow tube wells in sand aquifers so at least part of the high level of diarrheal disease might be attributable to exposure to fecal-contaminated well water 22-24 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Fecal Bacteria Input from Latrine-Polluted Ponds for Wells in Sandy Aquifers

Knappett

McKay

Layton

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Ponds receiving latrine effluents may serve as sources of fecal contamination to shallow aquifers tapped by millions of tube-wells in Bangladesh. To test this hypothesis, transects of monitoring wells radiating away from four ponds were installed in a shallow sandy aquifer underlying a densely populated village and monitored for 14 months. Two of the ponds extended to medium sand. Another pond was sited within silty sand and the last in silt. The fecal indicator bacterium E. coli was rarely detected along the transects during the dry season and was only detected near the ponds extending to medium sand up to 7 m away during the monsoon. A log-linear decline in E. coli and Bacteroidales concentrations with distance along the transects in the early monsoon indicates that ponds excavated in medium sand were the likely source of contamination. Spatial removal rates ranged from 0.5-1.3 log10/m. After the ponds were artificially filled with groundwater to simulate the impact of a rain storm, E. coli levels increased near a pond recently excavated in medium sand, but no others. These observations show that adjacent sediment grain-size and how recently a pond was excavated influence how much fecal contamination ponds receiving latrine effluents contribute to neighboring groundwater.

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Effect of deep tube well use on childhood diarrhoea in Bangladesh

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

Integration of Spatial and Social Network Analysis in Disease Transmission Studies

Integration of Spatial and Social Network Analysis in Disease Transmission Studies

Concentrations of arsenic and other elements in groundwater of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India: Potential cancer risk

Implications of Fecal Bacteria Input from Latrine-Polluted Ponds for Wells in Sandy Aquifers

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