Effect of defaunation on the loss of energy in wethers fed different quantities of cellulose and normal or steamflaked maize starch

Kreuzer, Michael; Kirchgeßner, M.; Müller, Hermann L.

doi:10.1016/0377-8401(86)90114-8

Cited by 71 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This indicates that, depending on the ciliate species removed, in defaunated animals a certain compensatory growth of the methanogens may take place. Besides a possible influence of diet type (Kreuzer et al 1986;Hegarty et al 2008), this might be one possible explanation for controversial findings concerning the influence of defaunation on CH 4 emissions.…”

Section: Effects Of Ciliate Species and Their Corresponding Ciliate-fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…starch, a non-structural carbohydrate (Kreuzer et al 1986), findings are inconsistent concerning the difference between cellulose and hemicelluloses. Equations to predict enteric CH 4 generally assume that a higher volume of CH 4 is produced per kg of digested cellulose than per kg of digested hemicellulose (Hindrichsen et al 2005).…”

Section: Effects Of Carbohydrate Typementioning

confidence: 99%

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In vitro methane formation and carbohydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as influenced by selected rumen ciliate species

Zeitz

Kreuzer

Soliva

2013

European Journal of Protistology

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Ciliate protozoa contribute to ruminal digestion and emission of the greenhouse gas methane. Individual species of ciliates co-cultured with mixed prokaryote populations were hypothesized to utilize carbohydrate types differently. In an in vitro batch culture experiment, 0.6 g of pure cellulose or xylan was incubated for 24 h in 40-mL cultures of Entodinium caudatum, Epidinium ecaudatum, and Eudiplodinium maggii with accompanying prokaryotes. Irrespective of ciliate species, gas formation (mL) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations (mmol L(-1)) were higher with xylan (71; 156) than with cellulose (52; 105). Methane did not differ (7.9% of total gas). The SCFA profiles resulting from fermentation of the carbohydrates were similar before and after removing the ciliates from the mixed microbial population. However, absolute methane production (mL 24 h(-1)) was lower by 50% on average after removing E. caudatum and E. maggii. Methanogen copies were less without E. maggii, but not without E. ecaudatum. Within 3 weeks part of this difference was compensated. Butyrate proportion was higher in cultures with E. maggii and E. ecaudatum than with E. caudatum and only when fermenting xylan. In conclusion, the three ciliate species partly differed in their response to carbohydrate type and in supporting methane formation. AbstractCiliate protozoa contribute to ruminal digestion and emission of the greenhouse gas methane. Individual species of ciliates co-cultured with mixed prokaryote populations were hypothesized to utilize carbohydrate types differently. In an in vitro batch culture experiment, 0.6 g of pure cellulose or xylan was incubated for 24 h in 40-mL cultures of Entodinium caudatum, Epidinium ecaudatum, and Eudiplodinium maggii with accompanying prokaryotes. Irrespective of ciliate species, gas formation (mL) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations (mmol L −1 ) were higher with xylan (71; 156) than with cellulose (52; 105). Methane did not differ (7.9% of total gas). The SCFA profiles resulting from fermentation of the carbohydrates were similar before and after removing the ciliates from the mixed microbial population. However, absolute methane production (mL 24 h −1 ) was lower by 50% on average after removing E. caudatum and E. maggii. Methanogen copies were less without E. maggii, but not without E. ecaudatum. Within 3 weeks part of this difference was compensated. Butyrate proportion was higher in cultures with E. maggii and E. ecaudatum than with E. caudatum and only when fermenting xylan. In conclusion, the three ciliate species partly differed in their response to carbohydrate type and in supporting methane formation.

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Section: Effects Of Ciliate Species and Their Corresponding Ciliate-fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Carbohydrate Typementioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro methane formation and carbohydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as influenced by selected rumen ciliate species

Zeitz

Kreuzer

Soliva

2013

European Journal of Protistology

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“…During fermentation of ingested plant material, some of the known rumen ciliates release large amounts of hydrogen produced in their hydrogenosomes (9)(10)(11), thereby providing ideal conditions for commensal hydrogenotrophic methanogens. As a consequence, the total number of rumen ciliate protozoa as well as ciliate community composition appears to influence the amount of methane emitted by the host (12)(13)(14). However, studies so far have used limited numbers of animals to analyze the impact of ciliate community structure or the roles of individual members of ciliate communities in ruminant methane emissions in vivo.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny of Intestinal Ciliates, Including Charonina ventriculi, and Comparison of Microscopy and 18S rRNA Gene Pyrosequencing for Rumen Ciliate Community Structure Analysis

Kittelmann

Devente

Kirk

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bThe development of high-throughput methods, such as the construction of 18S rRNA gene clone or pyrosequencing libraries, has allowed evaluation of ciliate community composition in hundreds of samples from the rumen and other intestinal habitats. However, several genera of mammalian intestinal ciliates have been described based only on morphological features and, to date, have not been identified using molecular methods. Here, we isolated single cells of one of the smallest but widely distributed intestinal ciliates, Charonina ventriculi, and sequenced its 18S rRNA gene. We verified the sequence in a full-cycle rRNA approach using fluorescence in situ hybridization and thereby assigned an 18S rRNA gene sequence to this species previously known only by its morphology. Based on its full-length 18S rRNA gene sequence, Charonina ventriculi was positioned within the phylogeny of intestinal ciliates in the subclass Trichostomatia. The taxonomic framework derived from this phylogeny was used for taxonomic assignment of trichostome ciliate 18S rRNA gene sequence data stemming from high-throughput amplicon pyrosequencing of rumen-derived DNA samples. The 18S rRNA gene-based ciliate community structure was compared to that obtained from microscopic counts using the same samples. Both methods allowed identification of dominant members of the ciliate communities and classification of the rumen ciliate community into one of the types first described by Eadie in 1962. Notably, each method is associated with advantages and disadvantages. Microscopy is a highly accurate method for evaluation of total numbers or relative abundances of different ciliate genera in a sample, while 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing represents a valuable alternative for comparison of ciliate community structure in a large number of samples from different animals or treatment groups. Ciliate protozoa have been found to colonize the intestinal tracts of a wide range of ruminant and nonruminant herbivores (1). In the rumen ecosystem, ciliates can account for up to 50% of the total microbial nitrogen, reaching densities of 10 5 to 10 6 cells/ml rumen fluid (2, 3). Although ciliates are not essential for feed degradation and survival of the host (4), it is believed that they contribute to overall gut function, for example, by adding degradative complexity (5), by their ability to scavenge oxygen (6), or by their grazing behavior, which helps to shape and regulate prokaryotic populations (4,7,8). During fermentation of ingested plant material, some of the known rumen ciliates release large amounts of hydrogen produced in their hydrogenosomes (9-11), thereby providing ideal conditions for commensal hydrogenotrophic methanogens. As a consequence, the total number of rumen ciliate protozoa as well as ciliate community composition appears to influence the amount of methane emitted by the host (12-14). However, studies so far have used limited numbers of animals to analyze the impact of ciliate community structure or the roles of individual members of ciliate commun...

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“…Rumen ciliates contribute to the greater part of ruminal methanogenesis via hydrogen supply to the endosymbiotic and episymbiotic methanogens (9). Inhibition of protozoa reduces methane release by diverting reducing equivalents from methane to propionate synthesis in the rumen (7,11). Such a change is nutritionally beneficial to the ruminal energetic metabolism because propionate is the gluconeogenic SCFA and it is more efficiently utilized by ruminant than other SCFA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of propolis on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation

Hakan;PEKCAN¹

2010

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of propolis ethanolic extract (PEE) on rumen microbial fermentation using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Six fermenters with a nominal volume of 750 ml were set up for the study that lasted 14 days. Each fermenter received daily 10 g of a basal diet consisting of 6 g pelleted alfalfa hay and 4 g pelleted concentrate. Treatments were control (received 0.5 ml/day of 70% ethanol without having any propolis), 0.5 ml/day of 20% PEE, and 0.5 ml/day of 60% PEE. Supplementation of PEE in both concentrations did not affect ruminal pH, production of total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) as well as of acetate, acetate to propionate ratio, total protozoa count, and dry matter digestibility. High concentration of PEE resulted in a significant decrease (p<0.05) in propionate production whereas both high and low concentrations of PEE significantly increased (p<0.05) ruminal butyrate production. Total count of ruminal bacteria was decreased (p<0.05) after the addition of PEE in both concentrations. Furthermore, NH 3 -N concentration in rumen fluid was reduced (p<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner by 24 and 39% by the addition of low and high concentrations of PEE, respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that propolis may be a useful additive to decrease ruminal ammonia production and to improve the nitrogen utilization in ruminants.Key words: In vitro, fermentation, propolis, rumen Propolisin rumen mikrobiyal fermantasyonu üzerine in vitro etkileriÖzet: Bu araştırmada, Rusitec tekniği (Rumen Simulation Technique) kullanılarak, farklı yoğunluklardaki etanolik propolis ekstraktlarının rumen mikrobiyal fermantasyonu üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Gerçek hacimleri 750 ml olan 6 fermenterin kullanıldığı araştırma 14 gün sürdü. Her bir fermenterde günlük olarak 6 g yonca otu peleti ve 4 g konsantre pelet yemden oluşan bir rasyon inkübe edildi. Araştırmadaki uygulama grupları kontrol (propolis içermeyen % 70'lik etanol çözeltisinden 0,5 ml/gün), propolisin % 20'lik etanolik ekstraktı (0,5 ml/gün) ve propolisin % 60'lık etanolik ekstraktı (0,5 ml/gün) şeklindeydi. Rusitec fermenterlerine ilave edilen propolisin her iki yoğunluktaki ekstraktı da ruminal pH, toplam kısa zincirli yağ asitleri ve asetat üretimleri, asetatın propiyonata oranı, toplam protozoon sayısı ve yem kuru maddesi sindirilebilirliklerinde istatistiksel bir değişime neden olmadı. Ancak % 60'lık propolis ekstraktı propiyonat üretimini belirgin bir şekilde azaltırken (p<0.05), hem % 60 hem de % 20'lik propolis ekstraktı ruminal bütirat üretimini belirgin bir şekilde artırdı (p<0.05). Ayrıca her iki yoğunluktaki propolis ektraktı da ruminal bakterilerin toplam sayısında azalmaya (p<0.05) neden oldu. NH 3 -N konsantrasyonunda hem düşük hem de yüksek yoğunluktaki propolis ekstraktı ilavesinden sonra sırasıyla % 24 ve % 39'luk bir azalma (p<0.05) belirlendi. Bu araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar propolisin ruminal amonyak üretimini azaltmada ve ...

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Effect of defaunation on the loss of energy in wethers fed different quantities of cellulose and normal or steamflaked maize starch

Cited by 71 publications

References 18 publications

In vitro methane formation and carbohydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as influenced by selected rumen ciliate species

In vitro methane formation and carbohydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as influenced by selected rumen ciliate species

Phylogeny of Intestinal Ciliates, Including Charonina ventriculi, and Comparison of Microscopy and 18S rRNA Gene Pyrosequencing for Rumen Ciliate Community Structure Analysis

Effects of propolis on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation

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