Effect of demineralization of El-lajjun Jordanian oil shale on oil yield

Heating rate effect on fractional yield and composition of oil retorted from El-lajjun oil shale

“…The recovered extract was treated with n-hexane 1:10 solvent ratio, for de-asphalting [24]. After 8 h of stirring, two fractions where obtained; soluble (maltenes) and insoluble (asphaltenes).…”

Effect of demineralization and heating rate on the pyrolysis kinetics of Jordanian oil shales

“…Lu et al [23] found that montmorillonite has a pronounced catalytic effect on the release of biomarkers in the 2-10 h pyrolysis at 200°C and on the rate of isomerization and degradation at 300°C pyrolysis. Al-Harahsheh et al [27] studied the effect of demineralization on oil yield and found that removal of carbonate by HCl reduced the oil to gas ratio, whereas, this ratio increased after HF treatment. Skala et al [14] and Abuolkas and El Harfi [24] reported that the activation energy and frequency factor of kerogen concentrate prepared by acid demineralization are lower than that of raw oil shale.…”

The synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis of oil shale and microalgae to produce syngas

“…It has been estimated that more than 2.7 Â 10 4 billion tons of oil may exist in the known worldwide oil shale resources [10,13]. And the oil shale resource is around 30 times as much as the crude oil reserve [14]. So oil shale has been considered to be a valuable potential source of energy [15].…”