Effect of depth information on multiple-object tracking in three dimensions: A probabilistic perspective

Cooke, James R. H.; Horst, Arjan C. ter; Beers, Robert J. van; Medendorp, W. Pieter

doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005554

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This expectation is based on the results reported in an abstract to a vision conference (Tinjust et al, 2010). Other MOT studies, however, show the opposite effect: Tracking objects on different depth planesas in 3Dhas been found to be easier than tracking objects on one depth planeas in 2D (see Cooke et al, 2017;Dünser & Mancero, 2009;Viswanathan & Mingolla, 2002). Similar to 2D MOT, tracking accuracy is impaired in 3D when object speed is increased or when distances between objects are reduced (Cooke et al, 2017;Ur Rehman et al, 2015).…”

Section: Selective Attentionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Other MOT studies, however, show the opposite effect: Tracking objects on different depth planesas in 3Dhas been found to be easier than tracking objects on one depth planeas in 2D (see Cooke et al, 2017;Dünser & Mancero, 2009;Viswanathan & Mingolla, 2002). Similar to 2D MOT, tracking accuracy is impaired in 3D when object speed is increased or when distances between objects are reduced (Cooke et al, 2017;Ur Rehman et al, 2015). Sustained attention involves parallel and serial tracking processes that are sensitive to the number and speed of objects, the distance between objects as well as their location in the visual 3D environment.…”

Section: Selective Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A critical systematic review of the Neurotracker perceptual-cognitive training tool

2021

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In this systematic review, we evaluate the scientific evidence behind “Neurotracker,” one of the most popular perceptual-cognitive training tools in sports. The tool, which is also used in rehabilitation and aging research to examine cognitive abilities, uses a 3D multiple object-tracking (MOT) task. In this review, we examine Neurotracker from both a sport science and a basic science perspective. We first summarize the sport science debate regarding the value of general cognitive skill training, based on tools such as Neurotracker, versus sport-specific skill training. We then consider the several hundred MOT publications in cognitive and vision science from the last 30 years that have investigated cognitive functions and object tracking processes. This literature suggests that the abilities underlying object tracking are not those advertised by the Neurotracker manufacturers. With a systematic literature search, we scrutinize the evidence for whether general cognitive skills can be tested and trained with Neurotracker and whether these trained skills transfer to other domains. The literature has major limitations, for example a total absence of preregistered studies, which makes the evidence for improvements for working memory and sustained attention very weak. For other skills as well, the effects are mixed. Only three studies investigated far transfer to ecologically valid tasks, two of which did not find any effect. We provide recommendations for future Neurotracker research to improve the evidence base and for making better use of sport and basic science findings.

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Section: Selective Attentionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Selective Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical systematic review of the Neurotracker perceptual-cognitive training tool

2021

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“…Tracking performance declines with increasing speed and decreasing distance between objects. Overall tracking accuracy is always higher in 3D compared to 2D [68]. According to [69], more attention is allocated when targets are in a crowded situation and have a higher chance of being lost.…”

Section: Main Topics In Mttmentioning

confidence: 98%

Multiple-target tracking in human and machine vision

et al. 2020

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Humans are able to track multiple objects at any given time in their daily activities-for example, we can drive a car while monitoring obstacles, pedestrians, and other vehicles. Several past studies have examined how humans track targets simultaneously and what underlying behavioral and neural mechanisms they use. At the same time, computer-vision researchers have proposed different algorithms to track multiple targets automatically. These algorithms are useful for video surveillance, team-sport analysis, video analysis, video summarization, and human-computer interaction. Although there are several efficient biologically inspired algorithms in artificial intelligence, the human multiple-target tracking (MTT) ability is rarely imitated in computer-vision algorithms. In this paper, we review MTT studies in neuroscience and biologically inspired MTT methods in computer vision and discuss the ways in which they can be seen as complementary.

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“…Using virtual reality (VR) seems to be an appropriate solution to overcome this viewing limitation ( McGuckian et al, 2018 ; Rojas-Ferrer et al, 2020 ). VR devices display a computer-generated immersive virtual environment in stereoscopy, which allows an observer to access depth cues that have been relevant for tracking multiple objects ( Cooke et al, 2017 ). In addition, the adaptive first person viewpoint enhances the sense of presence in the environment, i.e., the feeling of actually belonging to the virtual world ( Loomis et al, 1999 ; Slater and Sanchez-Vives, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Players Tracking in Virtual Reality: Influence of Soccer Specific Trajectories and Relationship With Gaze Activity

Vu¹,

Sorel²,

Limballe³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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The perceptual-cognitive ability to track multiple moving objects and its contribution to team sports performance has traditionally been studied in the laboratory under non-sports specific conditions. It is thus questionable whether the measured visual tracking performance and the underlying gaze activity reflected the actual ability of team sports players to track teammates and opponents on a real field. Using a Virtual Reality-based visual tracking task, the ability of participants to track multiple moving virtual players as they would do on a soccer field was observed to pursue two objectives. (i) See the influence of different scenario types (soccer-specific trajectories versus pseudo-random trajectories) on the visual tracking performance of soccer (n = 15) compared to non-soccer players (n = 16). (ii) Observe the influence of spatial features of the simulated situations on gaze activity between soccer players and non-soccer players. (i) The linear mixed model regression revealed a significant main effect of the group but no interaction effect between group and the type of trajectories, suggesting that the visual tracking ability of soccer players did not benefit from their specific knowledge when they faced scenarios with real game trajectories. (ii) Virtual players’ spatial dispersion and crowding affected the participants’ gaze activity and their visual tracking performance. Furthermore, the gaze activity of soccer players differed in some aspects from the gaze activity of non-soccer players. Assumptions are formulated as to the implication of these results in the difference in visual tracking performance between soccer players and non-soccer players. Overall, using soccer-specific trajectories might not be enough to replicate the representativeness of the field conditions in the study of visual tracking performance. Multitasking constraints should be considered along with motor-cognitive dual-tasks in future research to develop the representativeness of visual exploration conditions.

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Effect of depth information on multiple-object tracking in three dimensions: A probabilistic perspective

Cited by 8 publications

References 38 publications

A critical systematic review of the Neurotracker perceptual-cognitive training tool

A critical systematic review of the Neurotracker perceptual-cognitive training tool

Multiple-target tracking in human and machine vision

Multiple Players Tracking in Virtual Reality: Influence of Soccer Specific Trajectories and Relationship With Gaze Activity

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