Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A, total protein, and amylase levels in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies

Naseri, Rozita; Mozaffari, Hamid Reza; Ramezani, Mazaher

doi:10.4103/jrms.jrms_135_18

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The differences in salivary amylase levels depending on the method of saliva collection under fasting conditions are uncertain, since differences with higher levels were observed under both fasting [ 34 , 36 , 48 , 60 ] and non-fasting conditions [ 11 , 30 , 32 , 41 , 61 ]. The heterogeneity of the results depending on the type of diabetes, the type of insulin treatment or control of the disease may also depend on whether the sample is collected under fasting or non-fasting conditions [ 62 ]. Conducting studies with uniform criteria would enable results to be unified for comparison.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Salivary Amylase and Glucose in Diabetes: A Scoping Review

et al. 2021

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Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common long-term disease which can be related with salivary amylase levels. DM has recently been associated with salivary amylase diagnostics that could further impair diagnoses in the diabetic population, as well as being an interesting alternative to traditional methods of determine glucose levels. The main advantage of this method is related to the fact that it is a fast diagnostic method. The DM population experiences changes to their metabolism which affects their salivary parameters, making this an alternative procedure for diagnosis and follow-up of the illness due to the non-invasive nature of salivary analyzes. The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding the changes in salivary amylase and glucose levels, and their relationship with blood markers of glycemic control used in clinical settings such as blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The differences in salivary amylase levels depending on the method of saliva collection under fasting or non-fasting conditions. The changes in salivary amylase depends on the type of diabetes, the type of insulin treatment or the quality of glycemic control. Conclusions: Salivary amylase concentration is increased in diabetic patients in most of the studies and salivary glucose concentration in all studies in both fasting and non-fasting (post-prandial) conditions. Salivary amylase and glucose concentration represent potential non-invasive biomarkers to evaluate glycemic control and clinical management of diabetic patients, although it is necessary to evaluate the influence of potential modulating factors such as age, duration diseases, sex and the effects of pharmacological treatments in these outcomes which remained to be elucidated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Salivary Amylase and Glucose in Diabetes: A Scoping Review

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, salivary proteomic research has focused on the screening of novel biomarkers for oral and related diseases, including lactoferrin, interleukin-6, and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (Castagnola et al, 2017;Bermejo-Pareja et al, 2020;Kc et al, 2020;Boroumand et al, 2021). In addition, diabetes affects the composition of saliva, and alterations may impact the incidence or signs of oral lesions (Abd-Elraheem et al, 2017;Naseri et al, 2018). Overall, the impact of diabetes on salivary proteins has attracted the attention of many researchers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Glycemic Level on the Salivary Proteome of Middle-Aged and Elderly People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Study

Jia

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2021

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an increasing global public health concern, but its impact on the salivary proteome is still unclear. To evaluate the effect of glycemic levels in middle-aged and elderly individuals with T2DM on salivary proteomics, we compared the differences by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Unstimulated whole saliva samples from 8 T2DM patients with good glycemic control (G group, HbA1c <6.5%) and 16 patients with poor control (P group, HbA1c ≥6.5%) were analyzed by LC–MS/MS in the data-independent acquisition mode (Clinical register number: ChiCTR1900023582.). After functional annotation, cluster analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were carried out to screen and evaluate candidate proteins. A total of 5,721 proteins were quantified, while 40 proteins differed significantly. In the P group, proteins involved in oxidative stress-related processes were upregulated, whereas proteins related to salivary secretion were downregulated. The combination of thioredoxin domain-containing protein 17, zymogen granule protein 16B, and FAM3 metabolism regulating signaling molecule D yielded an area under the curve of 0.917 which showed a robust ability to distinguish the P and G groups. In conclusion, poorly controlled hyperglycemia may affect salivary proteins through various pathways, including oxidative stress and glandular secretion. Furthermore, the differentially expressed proteins, especially the three proteins with the best differentiation, might serve as an anchor point for the further study of hyperglycemia and oral diseases.

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“…In the present study, we examined 30 pregnant women and 30 non-pregnant women, the results of which were consistent with the above-mentioned studies. The reason for this consistency of the results, despite the differences between the study groups, can be attributed to the methods of collecting samples and measuring serum and salivary markers (13,18). Furthermore, Soares et al measured and compared the blood and salivary levels of glucose and finally found no correlation between the blood and salivary glucose concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The serum glucose and urea levels were also determined using glucose and urea diagnostic kits (5). between serum and salivary glucose levels and a correlation between serum and salivary urea levels, respectively (13,18). Naseri et al, in a review of more than 373 studies, concluded that there was a correlation between serum and salivary glucose levels (13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the saliva in the mouth was swallowed, and subsequently, the accumulated saliva was poured into the sterile graduated vial by bending the head forward with the eyes open and with minimal movement of the body and head. It should be noted that the saliva samples were frozen in the freezer immediately after collection to prevent the effect of oral microorganisms on saliva glucose (7,13). After completing saliva collection for each individual, blood samples were also taken inside gelcoated test tubes containing coagulants, then centrifuged to extract sera, and were later stored in the freezer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serum and Salivary Levels of Glucose and Urea in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women: A Comparative Study

Alemrajabi

Dadkhah²,

Kasayizadegan-Mahabadi

et al. 2021

Dis Diagn

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Background: Pregnancy is one of the most critical periods in the life of most women. Since it is necessary to be aware of the health of the mother and fetus, serum markers (i.e., glucose and urea) need to be monitored during pregnancy. A routine strategy in this area is venipuncture which is applied to measure the level of these markers. It is also a stressful procedure for pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to determine the salivary level of these markers as a stress-free method in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: The samples were collected from 30 pregnant and 30 non-pregnant fasting women. Then, the serum and salivary levels of glucose and urea were measured, analyzed, and compared by photometry. Results: Results indicated that the mean salivary glucose level was 10.2±1.4 mg/dL and 6.4±0.9 mg/ dL in non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. In addition, the mean serum glucose level was 106.5±5.3 mg/dL and 82.9±4.5 mg/dL in non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Further, the mean salivary urea level was 37.1±3.3 mg/dL in non-pregnant women and 27.1±1.9 mg/dL in pregnant women. Moreover, the mean serum urea level was 26.9±1.9 mg/dL and 19.5±2.3 mg/dL in non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Conclusion: Serum and salivary levels of glucose and urea in pregnant women were lower than those in non-pregnant women, and there was a positive correlation between serum and salivary levels. Therefore, it seems that saliva can be a substitute for serum regarding the measurement of glucose and urea levels.

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Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A, total protein, and amylase levels in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies

Cited by 16 publications

References 32 publications

Changes in Salivary Amylase and Glucose in Diabetes: A Scoping Review

Changes in Salivary Amylase and Glucose in Diabetes: A Scoping Review

Impact of the Glycemic Level on the Salivary Proteome of Middle-Aged and Elderly People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Study

Serum and Salivary Levels of Glucose and Urea in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women: A Comparative Study

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