Effect of diet composition on acid–base balance in adolescents, young adults and elderly at rest and during exercise

Hietavala, EM; Stout, Jeffrey R.; Hulmi, Juha J.; Suominen, Harri; Pitkänen, Hannele; Puurtinen, Risto; Selänne, Harri; Kainulainen, Heikki; Mero, AA

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.245

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…sulphuric acid from the metabolism of protein) in amounts that exceed the quantities of alkali bicarbonate produced from combustion of organic salts (such as potassium chloride in vegetables [5]). Therefore, long-term consumption of such a diet might disturb the balance between CO 2 and HCO 3 − in blood and cause mild but chronic systemic acidosis [6]. DAL has been suggested to affect bone because bone might serve as the primary buffering system for alkali components such as calcium and potassium in case of systemic acidosis [7], but this hypothesis has been contradicted by others [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary acid load, trabecular bone integrity, and mineral density in an ageing population: the Rotterdam study

et al. 2017

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SummaryWe studied the relation between a diet that is high in acid-forming nutrients (e.g. proteins) and low in base-forming nutrients (e.g. potassium) and bone structure. We showed a negative relation, which was more prominent if proteins were of animal rather than of vegetable origin and if intake of dietary fibre was high.IntroductionStudies on dietary acid load (DAL) and fractures have shown inconsistent results. Associations between DAL, bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone integrity might play a role in these inconsistencies and might be influenced by renal function and dietary fibre intake. Therefore, our aim was to study (1) associations of DAL with BMD and with the trabecular bone score (TBS) and (2) the potential influence of renal function and dietary fibre in these associations.MethodsDutch individuals aged 45 years and over (n = 4672) participating in the prospective cohort of the Rotterdam study were included. Based on food frequency questionnaires, three indices of DAL were calculated: the net endogenous acid production (NEAP) and the ratios of vegetable or animal protein and potassium (VegPro/K and AnPro/K). Data on lumbar spinal TBS and BMD were derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements.ResultsIndependent of confounders, NEAP and AnPro/K, but not VegPro/K, were associated with low TBS (standardized β (95%) = −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) and −0.08 (−0.11, −0.04)) but not with BMD. Associations of AnPro/K and VegPro/K with TBS were non-linear and differently shaped. Unfavourable associations between NEAP, BMD and TBS were mainly present in subgroups with high fibre intake.Conclusions High NEAP was associated with low TBS. Associations of AnPro/K and VegPro/K and TBS were non-linear and differently shaped. No significant associations of DAL with BMD were observed, nor was there any significant interaction between DAL and renal function. Mainly in participants with high intake of dietary fibre, DAL might be detrimental to bone.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00198-017-4037-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary acid load, trabecular bone integrity, and mineral density in an ageing population: the Rotterdam study

et al. 2017

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“…Conversely, ingested acidic supplements can be ergolytic. Evidence suggests consuming a vegetarian diet will have an alkaline effect on acid-base levels compared to non-vegetarians due to the high fruit and vegetable intake, whilst being lower in animal based proteins (Hietavala et al, 2015;Deriemaeker et al, 2010). Although a long-term vegetarian-based diet may not have the same effect as an acute sodium bicarbonate supplement, it is plausible, that a small 're-setting' change in the homeostatic baseline may be approached when a sustained vegetarian-based diet is followed, leading to a potential increase in physical performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetarian and Omnivorous Nutrition—Comparing Physical Performance

Craddock¹,

Probst²,

Peoples³

2016

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Humans consuming vegetarian-based diets are observed to have reduced relative risk for many chronic diseases. Similarly, regular physical activity has also been shown to assist in preventing, and reducing the severity of these conditions. Many people, including athletes, acknowledge these findings and are adopting a vegetarian-based diet to improve their health status. Furthermore, athletes are incorporating this approach with the specific aim of optimising physical performance. To examine the evidence for the relationship between consuming a predominately vegetarian-based diet and improved physical performance a systematic literature review was performed using the SCOPUS database. No date parameters were set. The keywords; vegetarian* OR vegan* AND sport* OR athlete* OR training OR performance OR endurance' were used to identify relevant literature. Included studies; (i) directly compared a vegetarian-based diet to an omnivorous/ mixed diet, (ii) directly assessed physical performance, not biomarkers of physical performance, (iii) did not use supplementation emulating a vegetarian diet. Reference lists were hand searched for additional studies.Seven randomised controlled trials and one cross-sectional study met the inclusion criteria. No distinguished differences between vegetarian-based diets and omnivorous mixed diets were identified when physical performance was compared. Consuming a predominately vegetarian-based diet did not improve nor hinder performance in athletes. However, with only 8 studies identified, with substantial variability amongst the studies' experimental designs, aims and outcomes, further research is warranted However, with only 8 studies identified, with substantial variability amongst the 3 studies' experimental designs, aims and outcomes, further research is warranted.

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“…Furthermore, the alkalizing potential of vegetables and fruit can help to offset the acidifying effect of protein [ 165 , 167 , 168 ], which athletes require in greater amounts [ 92 ]. In support of this, a high vegetable intake has recently been shown to increase capillary pH in adults during rest and submaximal exercise [ 171 ]. Bicarbonate can be more directly incorporated into the diet with mineral water [ 163 , 172 ] or baking soda.…”

Section: Peds For Interval (I) Sprint Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Enhancing Diets and the PRISE Protocol to Optimize Athletic Performance

Arciero

Miller

Ward

2015

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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The training regimens of modern-day athletes have evolved from the sole emphasis on a single fitness component (e.g., endurance athlete or resistance/strength athlete) to an integrative, multimode approach encompassing all four of the major fitness components: resistance (R), interval sprints (I), stretching (S), and endurance (E) training. Athletes rarely, if ever, focus their training on only one mode of exercise but instead routinely engage in a multimode training program. In addition, timed-daily protein (P) intake has become a hallmark for all athletes. Recent studies, including from our laboratory, have validated the effectiveness of this multimode paradigm (RISE) and protein-feeding regimen, which we have collectively termed PRISE. Unfortunately, sports nutrition recommendations and guidelines have lagged behind the PRISE integrative nutrition and training model and therefore limit an athletes' ability to succeed. Thus, it is the purpose of this review to provide a clearly defined roadmap linking specific performance enhancing diets (PEDs) with each PRISE component to facilitate optimal nourishment and ultimately optimal athletic performance.

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Effect of diet composition on acid–base balance in adolescents, young adults and elderly at rest and during exercise

Abstract: A high intake of vegetables and fruits increases blood and u-pH in YAD and ELD. ELD compared with younger persons may be more sensitive for the diet-induced acid-base changes.

Cited by 36 publications

References 25 publications

Dietary acid load, trabecular bone integrity, and mineral density in an ageing population: the Rotterdam study

Dietary acid load, trabecular bone integrity, and mineral density in an ageing population: the Rotterdam study

Vegetarian and Omnivorous Nutrition—Comparing Physical Performance

Performance Enhancing Diets and the PRISE Protocol to Optimize Athletic Performance

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