Effect of Dietary Adherence with or without Exercise on Weight Loss: A Mechanistic Approach to a Global Problem

Abstract

Dietary adherence is strongly associated with rates of weight loss and adversely affected by the severity of caloric restriction. Weight loss programs should consider moderate caloric restriction relative to estimates of energy requirements, rather than generic low-calorie diets.

Less-than-expected weight loss in normal-weight women undergoing caloric restriction and exercise is accompanied by preservation of fat-free mass and metabolic adaptations

“…However, our approach, which involved two supervised meals per day on weekdays, and packing out all other food and weekend meals, was virtually identical to what has been applied in seminal weightloss studies such as the CALERIE study, 14,15 where overall adherence was considered very good. 41 Further, our finding that weight loss was almost equally overestimated in MOD and SEV despite distinctly different degrees of calorie restriction between these groups is in disagreement with previous reports that noncompliance is predicted by the magnitude of the calorie deficit, 40 and suggests that other metabolic factors may be responsible for the limited agreement between actual and predicted weight loss.…”

“…However, adjusting energy balance for the energy equivalents of changes in fat mass and fat-free mass, an approach that has previously been used to quantify adherence to dietary interventions in overweight women, 40 resulted in only a minimal improvement in actual vs predicted weight loss in MOD (55±26%) and no improvement in SEV (29 ±7%).…”

Prevalência do uso e efeitos de recursos ergogênicos por praticantes de musculação nas academias brasileiras: uma revisão sistematizada

“…1 Tal fato pode ser visto como promoção de melhoria da saúde, uma vez que os exercícios resistidos promovem redução da pressão arterial e de tecido adiposo, assim como aumento da massa muscular. 2,3 Por outro lado, constata-se que nas academias há a venda de substâncias denominadas recursos ergogênicos, como os suplementos alimentares (SA) e esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA). 4 Os SA são produtos constituídos de vitaminas, minerais, extratos, aminoácidos, metabólicos ou combinações desses ingredientes, não sendo considerados como alimento convencional da dieta.…”

Does metabolic compensation explain the majority of less-than-expected weight loss in obese adults during a short-term severe diet and exercise intervention?

“…1 However, baseline EDef calculations such as these commonly overestimate the actual weight loss achieved. 2,3 Although a lack of adherence is often cited as the primary reason for the shortfall in weight loss, [2][3][4] it is also recognised that biological compensatory responses are elicited when energy restriction is imposed, essentially acting to reduce energy expenditure, 5 which in turn reduces the EDef and can reduce the weight loss. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Furthermore, the energy density of weight loss is not uniform, and initial body fat, the magnitude of weight loss and use of resistance exercise or high-protein diets may influence the applicability of the Wishnofsky constant.…”

“…The extent to which metabolic adjustments may explain the less-than-expected weight loss has been examined using RMR data collected in energy balance before and after the weight loss intervention. 2,3,20 However, predictions of expected weight loss must account for the reductions in energy expenditure that occur during energy restriction, which are greater than is evident in the weight-reduced energy balance state. Another alteration to daily energy expenditure that accompanies energy restriction is the reduction in dietaryinduced thermogenesis (DIT).…”