Effect of Dietary Fat on Fat Content of Human Milk

Karmarkar, M. G.; Deodhar, A.D.; Kapur, Jyotika

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(58)92343-2

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…A total of 15 records reported data on colostrum, 11 on transitional, and 24 on mature milk for one or more nutrients. Data from three studies [ 65 , 75 , 81 ] that did not mention the stage of lactation were considered as mature milk, basis publication details. Majority of the studies were conducted on mothers belonging to low SES ( n = 14, 41.2%) and two were on high SES [ 72 , 84 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Majority of the studies were conducted on mothers belonging to low SES ( n = 14, 41.2%) and two were on high SES [ 72 , 84 ]. A total of eight records compared human milk composition of mothers belonging to one or more SES [ 49 , 58 , 65 , 69 , 70 , 75 , 81 , 82 ]. Remaining records ( n = 10) did not mention the SES.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only 13 records mentioned the nutritional status of mothers, of which six used Body Mass Index (BMI) for classification [ 49 , 58 , 83 , 84 , 88 , 89 ]. Effect of maternal diet (type of diet/dietary intake) on macronutrient composition of milk was reported by 10 records [ 65 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 81 ]. Therefore, maternal health, dietary intake, or nutritional status data were reported by limited records.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A majority of the studies ( n = 12) reported fat between 2.7 and 3.74 g/100 mL [ 43 , 55 , 62 , 63 , 66 , 69 , 73 , 74 , 79 , 80 , 85 , 87 ], but there were five studies which reported higher levels (4.57–4.78 g/100 mL). Out of these five, four were older [ 43 , 65 , 70 , 71 ] and one was a recent study [ 49 ]. The study reporting the highest levels (4.78 g/100 mL) was conducted on six South Indian mothers during late lactation (66–100th weeks) [ 43 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The units reported by all the above studies was either g/100 mL or g/100 g or% of nutrient in human milk. Since these units are comparable, all 34 records were included in the review ( Supplementary Table S1 ) [ 43 , 49 , 55 , 58 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ]. One article published in 1958 reported data from two studies [ 43 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Century Wide Changes in Macronutrient Levels in Indian Mothers’ Milk: A Systematic Review

Khanna¹,

Yalawar

Verma

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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The purpose of this systematic review was to understand Indian mothers’ milk composition and report changes in it over the past 100 years. A review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022299224). All records published between 1921 and 2021 were identified by searching databases Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. All observational, interventional, or supplementation studies reporting macronutrients (protein, fat, lactose) in milk of Indian mothers, delivering term infants, were included. Publications on micronutrients, preterm, and methods were excluded. Milk was categorized into colostrum, transitional, and mature. In all, 111 records were identified, of which 34 were included in the final review. Fat ranged from 1·83 to 4·49 g/100 mL, 2·6 to 5·59 g/100 mL, and 2·77 to 4·78 g/100 mL in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk, respectively. The protein was higher in colostrum (1·54 to 8·36 g/100mL) as compared to transitional (1·08 to 2·38 g/100 mL) and mature milk (0·87 to 2·33 g/ 100 mL). Lactose was lower in colostrum (4·5–6·47 g/100 mL) as compared to transitional (4·8–7·37 g/100 mL) and mature milk ranges (6·78–7·7 g/100 mL). The older studies (1950–1980) reported higher fat and protein in colostrum as compared to subsequent time points. There were variations in maternal nutritional status, diet, socioeconomic status , and regions along with study design specific differences of time or methods of milk sampling and analysis. Additionally, advancements in methods over time make it challenging to interpret time trends. The need for conducting well-designed, multicentric studies on nutrient composition of Indian mother’s milk using standardized methods of sampling and estimation for understanding the role of various associated factors cannot be undermined.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%