Effect of Different Anthocyanidin Glucosides on Lutein Uptake by Caco-2 Cells, and Their Combined Activities on Anti-Oxidation and Anti-Inflammation In Vitro and Ex Vivo

Abstract

The interactive effects on anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation of lutein combined with each of the six common anthocyanidin glucosides were studied in both chemical and cellular systems. The combined phytochemicals showed an antagonism in the inhibition of lipid oxidation in a liposomal membrane, but showed an additive effect on cellular antioxidant activity in Caco-2 cells. Lutein was an active lipoxygenase inhibitor at 2–12 μM while anthocyanins were inactive. The concentration of lutein when it was used in combination with anthocyanins was 25–54% higher than when lutein was used alone (i.e., IC50 = 1.2 μM) to induce 50% of lipoxygenase inhibition. Only the combination of lutein with malvidin-3-glucoside showed anti-inflammatory synergy in the suppression of interleukin-8, and the synergy was seen at all three ratios tested. Some mixtures, however, showed anti-inflammatory antagonism. The presence of anthocyanins (5–7.5 μM) did not affect lutein uptake (2.5–5 μM) by Caco-2 cells.

Stability, Morphology, and Effects of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Properties of Polyphenol Inclusion Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin

“…None of the polyphenol samples displayed cytotoxic effects on the Caco-2 cells (data not shown). Similarly, previous studies reported that non-encapsulated and encapsulated polyphenolic samples at concentrations that exhibited CAA in Caco-2 cells did not demonstrate any cytotoxic effects [83,89,91,97].…”

“…The encapsulated 10 µM combinations had improved CAA from additive (non-encapsulated) to synergistic interactions for most samples, whereas for the 100 µM samples, majority additive interactions were observed (Table S3). Phan et al [91] and Phan et al [92] studied the 1:1 mole ratio combinations of the carotenoids lutein and β-carotene, respectively, with different anthocyanin glucosides and reported additive interactions towards CAA in Caco-2 cells. In another study, combinations of lycopene with anthocyanin glucosides had antagonistic interactions at a 1:1 mole ratio and additive interactions at a 3:1 mole ratio [93].…”

Grape Pomace Extract Attenuates Inflammatory Response in Intestinal Epithelial and Endothelial Cells: Potential Health-Promoting Properties in Bowel Inflammation

“…In particular, malvidin-3-glucoside has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in a murine colitis model through the modulation of the integrity of the colon epithelium, gut microbiota, and gut metabolism [ 65 , 66 ]. Catechins and epicatechins influenced cellular response to oxidative stress and exerted intestinal anti-inflammatory properties by modulating several cell signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) [ 67 , 68 ]. Similarly, kaempferol counteracted gut inflammation by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial–endothelial co-culture model [ 69 ].…”

Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Effects of Microalgal Carotenoids

“…The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of LUT and its combination with six anthocyanidin glucosides were also evaluated chemically and in Caco-2 cells. LUT alone showed better results than the mixture with the other compounds, demonstrating antioxidant activity through inhibition of liposome peroxidation and anti-inflammatory effects via suppression of the in vitro lipoxygenase-1 activity and reduction in IL-8 and NO levels in Caco-2 cells [163].…”