Effect of different extraction methods on trace metal elements content of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) seed oil

Abstract

The oil of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) seed was extracted using three methods (cold-pressing, solvent extraction and enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction using Protamex and Celluclast) to compare the effect of extraction method on oil quality through trace metal elements (Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb and As) content. The results demonstrated that extraction method significantly (P < 0.05) influences the trace metal elements content of oil. The reduction pattern of Fe > Cu > Ni > Co > Pb > As was observed in Persian lime seed and extracted oil samples. The highest concentration (mg/kg) of iron (7.3272 ± 0.0263), copper (0.350033 ± 0.00153) and lead (0.00891 ± 0.00003) were observed in cold pressed oils. The oils extracted using enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction method showed the highest concentration (mg/kg) of nickel (0.069855 ± 0.000167) and cobalt (0.054555 ± 0.000163). Arsenic was not detected in seeds and any of the extracted oil samples. The concentration of Fe (3.0363 ± 0.0423 mg/kg) and Cu (0.280167 ± 0.00151 mg/kg) as a pro-oxidant was lower in the Persian lime seed oil obtained by enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction method.

The technology life cycle of Persian lime. A patent based analysis

“…Alternative quality-focused approaches have similarly been proposed, such as applying genetic research to promote vegetative development and production [ 40 ], quality on certain value phases such as postharvest [ 41 ], and on vegetative growth and mineral elements’ content [ 42 ]. On the other hand, studies are centered on processes, treatments, or methods [ 43 ] with the purpose of increasing commercialization, such as cutting treatments [ 44 ], chemical management in dry seasons [ 32 ], detection of juice adulteration [ 45 ], oil extraction methods including coldpressing, solvent extraction, enzyme—assisted aqueous extraction [ 46 ], and even innovative extraction methods such a as steam distillation [ 47 ]. Furthermore, there are studies interested on how these treatments or approaches affect physical properties of the Persian Lime [ 48 , 49 ].…”

Oxidative stability and elemental analysis of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) edible oil produced in Brazil using a domestic extraction machine

“…Moreover, the presence of Ca, Co, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Sn, and Ni accelerate vegetable oils' oxidation affecting their flavor, freshness, storability, and toxicity (22, 26). Therefore, cold pressing and filtration are the alternatives of the several methods to obtain healthy edible vegetable oils associated with good fatty acids and antioxidants composition, and lower amounts of hazardous chemical elements (27)(28)(29).…”