Effect of Different Types of Adhesive Agents on Orthodontic Bracket Shear Bond Strength: A Cyclic Loading Study

Abstract

Bracket failure is one of the most important problems encountered during fixed orthodontic treatment. For this reason, different types of adhesive agents have been developed over the years. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of brackets bonded to teeth etched with a conventional acid etching method in a laboratory environment by using different types of adhesive agents and comparing the number of shear strokes. Sixty human maxillary premolars were divided into three groups and Gemini stainless steel metal brackets (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) were bonded to all teeth. In Group 1, Transbond™ XT Primer (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) and Transbond™ XT Light Cure Adhesive Paste composite (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) were used. In Group 2, BracePaste® MTP Primer (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, CA, USA) and BracePaste® Adhesive composite (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA) were used. In Group 3, Ortho Solo™ Primer (Ormco, Orange, CA, USA) and Grengloo™ Adhesive composite (Ormco, Brea, CA, USA) were used. The samples were subjected to a shear test with a closed-loop controlled, low-cycle fatigue machine with a capacity of 10 N and a crosshead speed of 300 mm/min. The number of shear strokes of the brackets was recorded. According to the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests performed on the data obtained, statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of the numbers of shear strokes (p < 0.05). Significantly higher numbers of shear strokes and higher shear bond strengths were observed in Group 3 compared with Group 1 and Group 2 (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the numbers of shear strokes for Group 1 and Group 2 samples (p > 0.05). To conclude the study, it was observed that the type of adhesive used had an effect on the bond strength of the bracket and that the Grengloo™ adhesive agent showed higher shear bond strength. It was observed that BracePaste® Adhesive and Transbond™ XT Light Cure Adhesive Paste adhesive agents had similar shear bond strengths.

Finite Elements Analysis of Biomechanical Behavior of the Bracket in a Gradual Horizontal Periodontal Breakdown—A Comparative Analysis of Multiple Failure Criteria

“…Many patients suffering from periodontal disease need orthodontic treatment. Nevertheless, a reduction in periodontal support (i.e., bone and periodontal ligament-PDL) affects the biomechanical behavior of the tooth during various orthodontic movements [1][2][3][4][5]. The bracket and enamel components of the tooth are the first to suffer from stresses produced by orthodontic force application.…”

“…The most sensitive area is the internal side of the bracket where the bracket-cementenamel bond/attachment is found and the failure usually occurs (i.e., 6-28.3% of the failure rate, especially in posterior teeth mandibular [1]) [1][2][3][4][5]. Among the consequences of the failure of the bracket bond are the complication of the movements and fine adjustments due to difficulty in finding the original position and angulation of the bracket and the increase in treatment time [1,2]. This type of failure is due to interference with contact loading, incorrect bonding procedures, fatigue of the bonding material, and/or the association of these factors [1,2].…”

“…Among the consequences of the failure of the bracket bond are the complication of the movements and fine adjustments due to difficulty in finding the original position and angulation of the bracket and the increase in treatment time [1,2]. This type of failure is due to interference with contact loading, incorrect bonding procedures, fatigue of the bonding material, and/or the association of these factors [1,2]. Moreover, the slot walls are also subjected to various forms of deformation that significantly influence the biomechanical stress distribution in the bracket and enamel depending on the bracket and arch materials, geometry, dimensions, and applied forces [5,6].…”

“…Moreover, the slot walls are also subjected to various forms of deformation that significantly influence the biomechanical stress distribution in the bracket and enamel depending on the bracket and arch materials, geometry, dimensions, and applied forces [5,6]. There are studies [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] limited only to the assessment of the stress distribution in the bracket (either in the slot walls or on the attachment/internal side), but no studies describing how the progress of periodontal breakdown influences the stress distribution in the bracket and enamel (or in the tooth and PDL) were found.…”

Clinical performance of light-cured orthodontic adhesives for bonding brackets – an in-vitro study.

“…The findings align with the studies conducted by Katırcıoğlu and Büyükbayraktar, as well as Stephanie Becker, who also observed no notable variance in strength between the two groups. 25 According to the manufacturer, BracePaste and Transbond XT possess similar bonding strengths owing to their common Bis-GMA and Quartz Silica ingredients and nearly identical filler content. However, BracePaste adhesive was found to have significantly higher ARI scores in this study, as 75% of the samples retained more than 50% of the adhesive on the enamel.…”