Effect of dispositional and situational influences on women's dominance expression in mixed-sex dyads.

Dressing up posture: The interactive effects of posture and clothing on competency judgements

“…Another key finding of our study was that the relative importance of posture and clothing differed for men and women. We confirm that interactions are present between gender and posture (Aries et al, 1983;Schwartz et al, 1982) and gender and clothing (Morris et al, 1996) but build on these findings to show that interactions between posture and clothing also vary by gender. Specifically, we found that, for men, strong poses were rated highest in casual clothing, and neutral poses in smart clothing.…”

“…Clothing and posture manipulations can also affect men and women differently. Men seem to be more naturally suited to power posing (Aries et al, 1983;Schwartz et al, 1982) and women are more likely to be judged differently according to their attire (Morris et al, 1996). Research has not considered whether interactions between posture and clothing vary by gender, but these results suggest that women may be more affected by these manipulations than men.…”

“…Women are seen as less suited to leadership roles due to a perceived incongruence between leadership and feminine qualities (Eagly & Karau, 2002) and, when women do exert leadership qualities, they are often criticized for lacking feminine qualities (Biernat, Tocci, & Williams, 2012). Males may be more suited to exhibiting power through posture (Aries et al, 1983;Schwartz et al, 1982), and research has tended to focus more on the benefits of power posing for men than women (Carney et al, 2010;Schubert & Koole, 2009). In our experiment, we confirmed that, while strong power poses were sometimes beneficial for men, they resulted in consistently lower competency ratings than neutral poses for women across all levels of clothing.…”

“…Strong postures, however, appear to affect men and women differently. Men are perceived to be more dominant than women in general (Schwartz, Tesser, & Powell, 1982), particularly when their strong poses involve open legs (Aries, Gold, & Weigel, 1983), although women, when performing open body postures, have also been perceived to be more 'tough' (Cashdan, 1998). It is clear then that strong postures provide clear intrapersonal benefits to an individual over other, weaker postures by affording the individual feelings of power, and these benefits are portrayed interpersonally.…”

Power, Gender, and Group Discussion

“…Again, the reason is that gender gaps are about a power or status inequality, with men accorded higher status than women by virtue of their gender. Even dominant‐personality women exhibit conversational dominance behaviors only in conversation with low‐dominance women, not with low‐dominance men (Aries, ; Carbonell, ; Davis & Bilbert, ; Nyquist & Spence, ) . Experimental studies of discussion demonstrate that women have a lower status than men do unless they are talking about stereotypically feminine topics (Ridgeway & Smith‐Lovin, ).…”