Effect of drawing conditions on structural parameters of crazes in crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Ефимов, А. В.; Shcherba, V.Yu.; Bakeyev, N.F.

doi:10.1016/0032-3950(91)90260-w

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Research by Yao et al [10] proved that crosslinked EVA exhibits excellent modulus, hardness, toughness, and tear strength. Also, crosslinking leads to an increase in the viscosity of the polymer melt, improvement of creep properties, and an increase in the resistance to environmental stress cracking [11]. Similar findings were reported by Khastgir et al [12]: the introduction of chemical crosslinks into an EVA matrix was proved to enhance the mechanical properties and storage modulus of composites.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

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Effects of peroxide crosslinking on the mechanical and morphological properties of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)/zeolite composites

Zaharri

Othman

Ishak

2012

Vinyl Additive Technology

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Uncrosslinked and chemically crosslinked ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymers (EVAs) with 5–25 volume percentages of zeolite were prepared in a melt‐mixing process and then compression‐molded on a hot‐press machine according to standard test specifications. The mechanical properties measured by tensile test showed a reduction in tensile strength and elongation at break with increasing zeolite content. However, an increasing trend was observed for tensile modulus with addition of zeolite. Experimental results for ultimate stress were compared with those from Pukanszky equation. The experimental data showed a good fit to the Pukanszky model. The improvement in the interfacial interaction for crosslinked composites was also confirmed by this model. Morphological changes of EVA/zeolite composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fractured surface of the composites indicated more complex morphology at higher zeolite loading. The influence of crosslinking induced by 2 wt% of dicumyl peroxide on the properties of EVA/zeolite composites was also investigated. The crosslinked composites showed better tensile properties than the uncrosslinked ones, a result which might be an indication of enhanced interaction between the EVA and zeolite. Density measurements, gel content determinations, and Fourier transform infrared analyses were also performed to evaluate the crosslink content of the composites. The changes in the properties of chemically crosslinked EVA/zeolite composites were observed. Meanwhile, SEM micrographs of the crosslinked EVA/zeolite composites showed better interfacial strength between zeolite and the EVA matrix as compared to that of the uncrosslinked composites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Many researchers have studied the crosslinking effects on EVA [9–12]. For instance, Bahattab et al [9] demonstrated that crosslinking enhances the tensile strength of EVA blends and thus, at a reasonable yield of crosslinking, improves their mechanical properties and thermal stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of peroxide crosslinking on the mechanical and morphological properties of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)/zeolite composites

Zaharri

Othman

Ishak

2012

Vinyl Additive Technology

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“…In this study, therefore, structural changes of the CNT/polymer composite during deformation will be measured using small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). The evolution of crazes during deformation of PET has been detected with SAXS 14, 21, 22. We have investigated the formation, widening, and fracture processes of the crazes in a CNT/amorphous PET composite film by conducting time‐resolved SAXS measurements during tensile deformation, using synchrotron radiation 14…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of fracture behavior between carbon black/poly(ethylene terephthalate) and multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(ethylene terephthalate) composite films

Kobayashi

Shioya

Tanaka

et al. 2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Fracture behavior of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films added multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) has been compared with that of the PET films added with carbon black (CB) to elucidate the effects of the large aspect ratio of MWCNT. Fracture toughness has been evaluated using the essential work of fracture tests. Evolution of the crazes has been analyzed by conducting time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering measurements during tensile deformation of the films at room temperature using synchrotron radiation. CB and MWCNT increased the fracture toughness of the PET film by increasing the plastic work of fracture. This resulted from the effects of the fillers to prevent the localization of deformation upon the crazes formed at earlier stages of tensile deformation and to retard the growth of the fibrils in the crazes to a critical length. The CB particles provided a number of sites where the crazes were preferably formed due to stress concentration. In the case of MWCNT, on the other hand, the widening of the crazes formed at earlier stages was suppressed due to the bridging effect arising from the large aspect ratio of MWCNT.

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“…This pattern is representative of craze/void morphology, where the streak parallel to the loading direction is related to the total reflection at the craze/polymer interfaces, and the streak perpendicular to the loading direction is associated to the fibril/void scattering. 40 Crazes are typical of amorphous polymer during deformation and have been observed for neat PET [20][21][22] and for its nanocomposites. 41,42 The 2D SAXS patterns of neat PET at strain of ln k 5 0.46 evolve into a streak perpendicular to the loading direction that is presented till the samples breakage, caused by the fibril/void structural elongation into the stretching direction.…”

Section: Article Wileyonlinelibrarycom/appmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reynaud et al investigated the effect of SiO 2 nanoparticle size and suggested that (i) smaller nanoparticles gather into smaller aggregates that leads to a multiple debonding process, leading to multiple voids with dimensions similar to the particle, size and (ii) bigger nanoparticles form bigger aggregates, undergoing a single debonding process, causing bigger size voids . It is also well known, grounded on the time‐resolved SAXS investigations, that the uniaxial stretching in solid state of amorphous polymers is accompanied by a substantial structural damage that occurs by voids nucleation and propagation. Macroscopically, this is revealed by the whitening of the specimen on deformation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ WAXS/SAXS structural evolution study during uniaxial stretching of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites in the solid state: Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/titanium dioxide and poly(ethylene terephthalate)/silica nanocomposites

Todorov

Martins

Viana

2013

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This work reports an in situ WAXS and SAXS investigation, under X-ray synchrotron source radiation, on the structural evolution during solid-state uniaxial deformation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanocomposites with 0.3 wt % of 3D nanoparticles [nanotitanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and nanosilica (SiO 2 )]. Good dispersion and average agglomerate sizes of nanoparticles of about 80 nm for both nanocomposites were revealed by transmission electron microscopic characterization. The influence of the nanofillers on the deformation-induced phase's formation and their evolution along the stretching process were compared with respect to the neat PET. WAXS results indicated that the structural evolution of all samples passes through three main stages, with evolution of amorphous phase into mesophase, a rapid increase of molecular orientation, and the formation of a periodical mesophase (PM). The incorporation of the nanofillers promoted a higher fraction, and an earlier formation, of PM during stretching when compared with pure PET. Furthermore, the presence of TiO 2 nanoparticles in the PET matrix resulted in the earliest formation and the highest amount of PM and the retardation of crack growth and bigger voids when compared with PET/SiO 2 nanocomposite. A multiscale structural evolution mechanism is proposed to interpret these results. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 000: 000-000, 2013

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Effect of drawing conditions on structural parameters of crazes in crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Effects of peroxide crosslinking on the mechanical and morphological properties of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)/zeolite composites

Effects of peroxide crosslinking on the mechanical and morphological properties of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)/zeolite composites

A comparative study of fracture behavior between carbon black/poly(ethylene terephthalate) and multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(ethylene terephthalate) composite films

In situ WAXS/SAXS structural evolution study during uniaxial stretching of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites in the solid state: Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/titanium dioxide and poly(ethylene terephthalate)/silica nanocomposites

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