Effect of electrode orientation in arc flash testing

Wilkins, R.; Allison, M.; Lang, Mike

doi:10.1109/ias.2005.1518348

Cited by 41 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…"Calories" and "Joules" are units of energy. Incident energy, measured in cal/cm 2 or J/cm 2 , is not the total energy incident on the surface area exposed; rather cal/cm 2 and J/cm 2 are units which describe the "incident energy density" [14], [15], [16] over a surface area.…”

Section: Incident Energy and Ppe Ratingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Arc flash” hazards, incident energy, PPE ratings and thermal burn injury - A deeper look

Gammon

Lee

Zhang

et al. 2015

2015 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop

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Tremendous resources are being invested in arc flash studies and personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect workers from "arc flash" hazards. In the flurry to comply with OSHA regulations and NFPA 70 and 70E Standards, real understanding of the arc hazard and incident energy may be lagging behind. The term "arc flash" does not adequately convey the range of potential arc hazards -light, pressure and heat transmission, as well as others. The term "arc flash" also fails to emphasize that arc flash injuries primarily arise from thermal burns, and that the risk of a potentially severe or fatal arc burn is often present when performing electrical work. Worker risk assessment and the appropriate PPE are represented as definitive quantities in "cal/cm 2 ;" however, the quantitative potential heat exposure and heat protection afforded by PPE are usually less precise than the assigned numerical value. Basic concepts of incident energy, PPE ratings and burn injury are also explored in this paper to help identify factors influencing the burn hazards posed by arcing faults in electrical power systems.Index Terms -arc flash hazard, incident energy, PPE

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Section: Incident Energy and Ppe Ratingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Arc flash” hazards, incident energy, PPE ratings and thermal burn injury - A deeper look

Gammon

Lee

Zhang

et al. 2015

2015 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop

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“…2 are from a high-speed video of an arc flash event with horizontal electrodes [7]. The three electrodes are centered at the front opening of a 508 mm × 508 mm × 508 mm test box.…”

Section: B Review Of Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposed to the Arc Flash Hazard

Lang

Jones

2015

IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applicat.

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It is widely acknowledged that an arc flash hazard may exist when energized conductors are within equipment in an enclosed condition if a person is interacting with the equipment at close proximity in such a manner that could cause an electric arc fault. This paper presents the results of scouting tests of arc flash events within enclosed low-voltage equipment (internal arc faults). This testing was performed to see if the incident energy mitigation efforts of one company were adequate to prevent arc flash exposures to equipment operators should an arc fault occur within the equipment they interact with. Arc faults were initiated within low-voltage disconnect switches, industrial control enclosures, and motor control center (MCC) buckets. Only the possible severity of such events on nearby operators was investigated. No attempt was made to identify the likelihood of such events from operator interaction, nor all of the potential causes of internal arc faults.Index Terms-Arc blast, arc energy, arc fault tests, arc faults, arc flash, current-limiting fuses, electrical equipment tests, electrical safety, overcurrent protection.

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“…Here t, the arcing time, is 0.5 s, the distance exponent x is given in IEEE Tables and for 15 (8) Here C f =1, E n as calculated before = 11.858, E B = 5J/cm 2 (=1.2 cal/cm 2 ) by definition. This gives D B = 16541 mm= 651.23"=54.267 ft.…”

Section: Working Distancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Technical papers referenced [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] describe arcing phenomena and algorithms for arc flash calculations, sometimes commenting on the equations in IEEE 1584 [9] Arc flash is a dangerous condition associated with the unexpected release of tremendous amount of energy caused by an electric arc within electrical equipment, [10]. This release is in the form of intense light, heat, and blast of arc products which may consist of vaporized components of enclosure material--copper, steel or aluminum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection planning and system design to reduce arc flash incident energy in a multi-voltage level distribution system to 8 CAL/CM<sup>2</sup> (HRC 2) or less – part I: Methodology

Das

2010

Conference Record of 2010 Annual Pulp &Amp; Paper Industry Technical Conference

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The industry is heading towards innovations in the electrical systems designs, equipment and protection to limit the arc flash hazard. The paper demonstrates that in a multivoltage level (medium and low-voltages) distribution system the incident energy can be reduced to 8 cal/cm 2 , or even less, (Hazard risk category, HRC2), so that a PPE outfit of greater than 2 is not required. This is achieved with the current state of the art equipment and protective devices. This paper is in two parts, part 1, methodology and Part II, analysis. There are variations in the calculation results depending upon the calculation methods. A new method for calculation of energy accumulation to account for decaying nature of short-circuits currents is presented. Keywords: HRC reduction, arc flash, arc blast, electrical shock and fire hazard; calculations algorithms of incident energy, decaying nature of short-circuit currents and accurate calculations of energy accumulations.978-1-4244-5674-1/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE

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Effect of electrode orientation in arc flash testing

Cited by 41 publications

References 5 publications

“Arc flash” hazards, incident energy, PPE ratings and thermal burn injury - A deeper look

“Arc flash” hazards, incident energy, PPE ratings and thermal burn injury - A deeper look

Exposed to the Arc Flash Hazard

Protection planning and system design to reduce arc flash incident energy in a multi-voltage level distribution system to 8 CAL/CM<sup>2</sup> (HRC 2) or less – part I: Methodology

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Effect of electrode orientation in arc flash testing

Cited by 41 publications

References 5 publications

&#x201C;Arc flash&#x201D; hazards, incident energy, PPE ratings and thermal burn injury - A deeper look

&#x201C;Arc flash&#x201D; hazards, incident energy, PPE ratings and thermal burn injury - A deeper look

Exposed to the Arc Flash Hazard

Protection planning and system design to reduce arc flash incident energy in a multi-voltage level distribution system to 8 CAL/CM<sup>2</sup> (HRC 2) or less &#x2013; part I: Methodology

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“Arc flash” hazards, incident energy, PPE ratings and thermal burn injury - A deeper look

“Arc flash” hazards, incident energy, PPE ratings and thermal burn injury - A deeper look

Protection planning and system design to reduce arc flash incident energy in a multi-voltage level distribution system to 8 CAL/CM<sup>2</sup> (HRC 2) or less – part I: Methodology