Effect of electrode substrate and poly(acrylamide) hydrogel electrolytes on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors

Kamarulazam, Fathiah; Bashir, Shahid; Hina, Maryam; Kumar, Sachin; Gunalan, Surender; Ramesh, Sivalingam; Ramesh, K.

doi:10.1007/s11581-021-04186-8

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…At higher scan rates, the lack of required time for the transportation of charge carriers and interaction with the electrode causes distortion of the rectangular shape. 24,39 AC/ NR/NaOH20/AC has the highest capacitance of 49.66 F/g (at 5 mV/s), which agrees with the study of ionic conductivity. In AC/NR/NaOH20/AC, more ions are available to diffuse into the internal region of carbon electrodes, which then accumulate at the electrolyte and electrode interface.…”

Section: Electric Modulus Analysissupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The dielectric constant is an analysis of the mechanism of ion transportation, where the polarization of polymer electrolytes was determined at a certain frequency. Using Maxwell–Wagner’s method, the polarization of polymers at low frequencies of permittivity can be measured based on the different relaxation times of charge carriers. − Dielectric permittivity shows the characterization of capacity that the dielectric material could achieve and electrical charge storage, whereas the dielectric loss can be used to determine the energy dissipation that contributes to ionic mobility and polarization of charge. , Figure a,b illustrates the variation of dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss for all natural rubber hydrogel electrolytes at ambient temperature, which was determined using eqs and . ε ′ = Z ″ ω C 0 ( Z ′ 2 + Z ′ ′ 2 ) ε ″ = Z ′ ω C 0 ( Z ′ 2 + Z ′ ′ 2 ) where ω is the angular frequency of the applied field (ω = 2πf) and C o is the vacuum capacitance given by ε 0 A / t .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and Characterization of Highly Ionic Conductive Hydrogel Electrolytes for Supercapacitors

Zabidi,

Kamarulazam,

Farhana

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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In this study, epoxidized natural rubber (ENR-25) in combination with acrylamide and acrylic acid hydrogels with N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) as a chemical cross-linking agent was formulated using a free-radical polymerization technique. Different vol % of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (5, 10, 15, and 20 vol %) was used to prepare the hydrogel electrolyte and labeled as NR/NaOH5, NR/NaOH10, NR/NaOH15, and NR/NaOH20, respectively. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The ionic conductivity was measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and it was found that the NR/NaOH20 hydrogel obtained the highest ionic conductivity of 8.72 mS cm −1 with the lowest activation energy of 0.1045 eV. Symmetric supercapacitors were fabricated using NR/NaOH5, NR/NaOH10, NR/NaOH15, and NR/NaOH20 as hydrogel electrolytes and electrochemical studies such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge−discharge (GCD) analysis were conducted. The electrochemical performance disclosed that the hydrogel containing the highest amount of NaOH (NR/NaOH20) showed maximum specific capacitances of 49.66 F/g at 5 mV/s and 43.24 F/g at 300 mA/g.

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Section: Electric Modulus Analysissupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Characterization of Highly Ionic Conductive Hydrogel Electrolytes for Supercapacitors

Zabidi,

Kamarulazam,

Farhana

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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“…[66] However, SPE has poor interface contact with the electrode, resulting in less performance of the devices. [67][68][69] Therefore, NR electrolyte has become the ideal substitute for SPE as it is more flexible and has better contact with the electrode for electrochemical reaction. Nevertheless, NR is insulating in nature with low dielectric constant, hence, several steps need to be taken to make it conductive as well as to increase its dielectric properties.…”

Section: Conductivity and Dielectric Properties Of Nr Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Potential of Natural Rubber as Electrolytes and Electrodes for Advanced Energy Storage Applications

Kamarulazam,

Manogran,

Goh

et al. 2023

Energy Tech

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Amid the search for alternatives to petrochemical‐based polymers and growing concern for environmental sustainability, natural polymers have gained significant attention. These polymers have potential applications in household appliances to advanced energy systems and offer a way to address the depletion and sustainability challenges associated with synthetic polymers. One such natural source of polymer is natural rubber (NR), which has been developed as a highly performing material in electrodes and electrolytes. Nowadays, researchers are more interested in NR due to its sustainability, affordability, elastomeric properties, and low glass transition temperature. This article presents a comprehensive exploration of NR characteristics, delving into its elasticity, glass transition temperature, and an extensive evaluation of its potential as a hydrogel electrolyte. Furthermore, this investigation showcases NR's capability to mitigate potential long‐term consequences of synthetic materials. Given NR's inherent insulating nature, a meticulous analysis of the interplay between NR composites and their electrical properties within electrodes is prompted. This article provides a review of past research, growth and development, and prospects of NR and its derivatives as in applications including electrochemical energy storage, energy harvesting, wastewater treatment, and slow‐release fertilizers. Moreover, the study briefly underscores the importance of NR while acknowledging its limitations.

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“…21 Currently, commonly used GPE substrates include poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), 22,23 poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), 24,25 poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), 26,27 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 28,29 poly-(acrylamide) (PAM), 30 and poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), 31 Among them, PAM is considered as an important GPE matrix for its good water solubility, the ease of hydrogen bond formation, and its excellent gel properties. 30 However, linear polymer PAM has high crystallinity. The PAM GPE suffers sluggish ionic conductivity, because ions mainly migrate through the amorphous region in GPE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) consists of polymer matrix, solvent water, and electrolyte salt . Currently, commonly used GPE substrates include poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), , poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), , poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), , poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), , poly(acrylamide) (PAM), and poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), Among them, PAM is considered as an important GPE matrix for its good water solubility, the ease of hydrogen bond formation, and its excellent gel properties . However, linear polymer PAM has high crystallinity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Polymerization of Xanthan/Acrylamide for Highly Ionic Conductive Gel Polymer Electrolytes with Unique Interpenetrating Network

Zhang

Yan³

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is the key to assembling highperformance solid-state supercapacitors (SSCs). Poly(acrylamide) (PAM) is considered as an important GPE matrix because of its good water solubility, the ease of hydrogen bond formation, and its excellent gel properties. However, the high crystallinity of linear polymer PAM impedes ion migration, and PAM has high flammability in air, which may cause safety problems. In this work, xanthan/PAM-based GPE (XP-GPE) was successfully prepared by an in situ polymerization method. Xanthan and linear PAM chain can form a dual network by hydrogen bond forming between the amide group of PAM and the hydroxyl group of xanthan. This greatly reduces the high crystallinity of PAM macromolecule, realizes the active migration of lithium ion between chain segments, and improves the electrochemical performance. SSCs prepared with XP-GPE and activated carbon electrodes show excellent specific capacitance (589 mF cm −2 at current density of 5 mA cm −2 ) and ionic conductivity (46.96 mS cm −1 ). Furthermore, the SSC shows outstanding flame retardant property. And the electrochemical performance of the flexible SSC has little change under bending conditions, providing an opportunity to develop safe and efficient flexible wearable SSCs.

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Effect of electrode substrate and poly(acrylamide) hydrogel electrolytes on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors

Cited by 11 publications

References 38 publications

Development and Characterization of Highly Ionic Conductive Hydrogel Electrolytes for Supercapacitors

Development and Characterization of Highly Ionic Conductive Hydrogel Electrolytes for Supercapacitors

Exploring the Potential of Natural Rubber as Electrolytes and Electrodes for Advanced Energy Storage Applications

In Situ Polymerization of Xanthan/Acrylamide for Highly Ionic Conductive Gel Polymer Electrolytes with Unique Interpenetrating Network

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