Effect of electron beam irradiation on the temperature of single AuGe nanoparticles in a TEM

Kryshtal, A. P.; Mielczarek, Mikołaj; Pawlak, Jakub

doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113459

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Furthermore, there is no guarantee of congruent evaporation of the liquid eutectic phase, that is, the compositions of the liquid and the vapor phases being in equilibrium can differ from each other. , At the same time, the eutectic temperature of Ag–Cu nanoparticles, which was assessed using the CALPHAD approach, , was somewhat higher than the T term temperature (Figure ). This could be due to the surface premelting effect, which preceded the eutectic melting in binary alloy nanoparticles. , …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This could be due to the surface premelting effect, which preceded the eutectic melting in binary alloy nanoparticles. 62,63 Hence, we suppose two evaporation processes occur simultaneously at T term temperature, namely, the primary one, which forms a liquid phase at the specific surface planes of the nanoparticle with subsequent evaporation, and the secondary one, which is the sublimation of Ag.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This could be due to the surface premelting effect, which preceded the eutectic melting in binary alloy nanoparticles. 62 , 63 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Size on the Formation of Solid Solutions in Ag–Cu Nanoparticles

2023

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Modern technologies stimulate the quest for multicomponent nanosized materials with improved properties, which are ultimately defined by the atomic arrangement and interphase interactions in the nanomaterial. Here, we present the results of the experimental study of the formation of solid solutions in Ag−Cu nanoparticles in a wide size and temperature range using in situ TEM techniques. The Ag−Cu nanoparticles with a eutectic ratio of components were formed on an amorphous carbon film by the physical vapor deposition technique. Electron diffraction, HAADF-STEM imaging, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, chemical element mapping, and electron energy loss spectral imaging were used for the characterization of mixing patterns and composition of phases in AgCu nanoparticles down to the atomic level. As a result, we constructed the solid-state part of the Ag−Cu phase diagram for nanoparticles with a size down to 5 nm. We found a highly asymmetric behavior of the solvus lines. Thus, the content of Cu in Ag gradually increased with a size reduction and reached the ultimate value for our configuration of 27 wt % Cu at a nanoparticle size below ∼8 nm. At the same time, no Cu-rich solid solution was found in two-phase AgCu nanoparticles, irrespective of the size and temperature. Moreover, a quasi-homogeneous solid solution was revealed in AgCu nanoparticles with a size smaller than 8 nm already at room temperature. A size dependence of the terminal temperature T term , which limits the existence of AgCu alloy nanoparticles in a vacuum, was constructed. Evaporation of the AgCu phase with the composition of 86 wt % Ag was observed at temperatures above T term . We show the crucial role of the mutual solubility of components on the type of atomic mixing pattern in AgCu nanoparticles. A gradual transition from a Janus-like to a homogeneous mixing pattern was observed in Ag−Cu nanoparticles (28 wt % Cu) with a decrease in their size.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Size on the Formation of Solid Solutions in Ag–Cu Nanoparticles

2023

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“…First, we examine sample heating by the electrons as the possible mechanism behind the observed enhanced oxidation of the particles. There are several approaches to calculate electron beam-induced heating. ,,, Here, we consider the model developed by Liu and Risbud, which is intended for nanoparticles and assumes thermal loss only through the particles (ignoring the substrate). In this case, the temperature increase is calculated using the following equation: normalΔ T = 3 J Q 8 e c normalv α ρ R 2 0.25em ln ( 1 + 4 α t e R 2 ) where J is the current density, e is the electron charge, R is the particle radius, c v is the specific heat of the material, ρ is the mass density, α is the thermal diffusivity, and Q is the total energy loss of the electron going through the material.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Beam Induced Enhancement and Suppression of Oxidation in Cu Nanoparticles in Environmental Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Ziashahabi,

Elsukova,

Nilsson

et al. 2023

ACS Nanosci. Au

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We have investigated the effects of high-energy electron irradiation on the oxidation of copper nanoparticles in environmental scanning transmission electron microscopy (ESTEM). The hemispherically shaped particles were oxidized in 3 mbar of O 2 in a temperature range 100−200 °C. The evolution of the particles was recorded with sub-nanometer spatial resolution in situ in ESTEM. The oxidation encompasses the formation of outer and inner oxide shells on the nanoparticles, arising from the concurrent diffusion of copper and oxygen out of and into the nanoparticles, respectively. Our results reveal that the electron beam actively influences the reaction and overall accelerates the oxidation of the nanoparticles when compared to particles oxidized without exposure to the electron beam. However, the extent of this electron beam-assisted acceleration of oxidation diminishes at higher temperatures. Moreover, we observe that while oxidation through the outward diffusion of Cu + cations is enhanced, the electron beam appears to hinder oxidation through the inward diffusion of O 2− anions. Our results suggest that the impact of the high-energy electrons in ESTEM oxidation of Cu nanoparticles is mostly related to kinetic energy transfer, charging, and ionization of the gas environment, and the beam can both enhance and suppress reaction rates.

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“…Generally heating can be reduced by reducing the probe size and usually unimportant in STEM [97]. For instance, no significant temperature rise was found for AuGe nanoparticle in STEM mode with the beam currents up to 1 nA (the temperature increment was only 2.3 K) [98]. While in parallel illumination TEM mode the temperature increment reached 25 K at 1.8 x 10 6 Am -2 .…”

Section: Ionization Damage (Radiolysis) Arises From the Inelastic Sca...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing nanoscale lithiation and dissolution pathways by in situ cryogenic electron microscopy

Tiukalova¹

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Materials for energy storage and conversion devices are of high importance to meet future industrial energy demands. Detailed understanding of chemical processes occurring at the solid/liquid interfaces and alterations of the structure at the atomic scale is critical for the design and development of future devices. This Ph.D. work focuses on two central systems of particular relevance for energy applications, i.e., LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Li-ion battery cathode material and two catalysts (La2LiIrO6, ZnCo1.2Ni0.8O4) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) applications. Through a deep understanding of the evolution of the structure at the local atomic scale, the overall aim is to get insights into the atomic structure-property relationship to improve our understanding and provide information that will help develop materials capable of higher capacity, longer lifetime, and overall better performance.During operation, electrochemical reactions introduce structural and chemical changes to the active materials that are not necessarily reversible. These alterations cause degradation of the device performance and limit their lifetime. A detailed understanding of the correlation between electrochemical processes and atomic-scale transformations is essential to improve the performance of the devices. Owing to its high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -based imaging and spectroscopic analysis is able to provide unique information that is not available with other methods. In addition, with the recent development of dedicated in situ and operando TEM-capabilities, it is possible to observe structural changes under the application of external stimuli such as at cryogenic temperature or presence of a liquid electrolyte, allowing to study dynamical processes in their native operation environment. The development of in situ cryogenic temperature stages for materials science applications has opened up many new possibilities, including learning new information about beam-sensitive materials that are challenging to characterize with conventional room temperature imaging at the atomic level. This Ph.D. work focuses on three material systems studied in detail under various HR(S)TEM and spectroscopy methods: LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as a promising cathode material, ZnCo1.2Ni0.8O4 and La2LiIrO6 as catalysts for OER. It was found that LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4

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Effect of electron beam irradiation on the temperature of single AuGe nanoparticles in a TEM

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Effect of Size on the Formation of Solid Solutions in Ag–Cu Nanoparticles

Effect of Size on the Formation of Solid Solutions in Ag–Cu Nanoparticles

Electron Beam Induced Enhancement and Suppression of Oxidation in Cu Nanoparticles in Environmental Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Revealing nanoscale lithiation and dissolution pathways by in situ cryogenic electron microscopy

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