Effect of Enzymatic and Chemical Treatments on Feather Solubility and Digestibility

Kim, W. K.; Lorenz, E. S.; Patterson, P. H.

doi:10.1093/ps/81.1.95

Cited by 38 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Earlier researchers reported that B. licheniformis can utilized to degrade keratin containing waste from poultry forms by producing keratin degrading enzyme (keratinase) for making animal feed and manure [2][3][4]. Keratins are made up two main subunits such as alpha and beta keratins which composed various amino acids [5]. The feathers are mainly composed of beta-keratin [6,7].…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Microbial Bio-Pesticides from Waste Disposal of Chicken Feathers

Poopathi¹,

Murugan²

2016

Ferment Technol

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EditorialChicken feathers, obtainable worldwide, as a cheap bioorganic waste, are an extremely valuable substrates, for the commercial production of bio-pesticide by entomopathogenic bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis, Bti and B. sphaericus, Bs), mainly in emerging nations, in the direction of vector control operation. Every day, huge amount of bio-organic wastes are released from food based manufacturing industries, poultries, factories and fisheries. Alternative disposal or bio-remediation methods are investigated for disposal of different wastes like sludge, various liquid wastes, organic and solid wastes discharged from food processing industries. Discarding or handling of these kinds of wastes as untreated disposal without gaining additional profit has led to develop the bio-pesticides by using bioorganic waste substances into cost-effective vector control programs.Chicken feathers were characterized for their chemical composition and generally it accumulated proteins, mainly keratins. Keratins are the major structural proteins which are highly resistant against biodegradation [1]. Earlier researchers reported that B. licheniformis can utilized to degrade keratin containing waste from poultry forms by producing keratin degrading enzyme (keratinase) for making animal feed and manure [2][3][4]. Keratins are made up two main subunits such as alpha and beta keratins which composed various amino acids [5]. The feathers are mainly composed of beta-keratin [6,7]. The investigation spotlights on degradation of the keratin containing chicken feathers by the bacterial strains of B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) which are helpful in the production of endotoxins to destroy the mosquito larvae.B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis (Bti) and B. sphaericus (Bs) has been gaining much importance, in mosquito larval control programs, as a proficient substitute to conventional insecticides. The mosquito larvicidal property of Bs and Bti is mainly due to the existence of intracellular crystal toxins, synthesized during sporulation (Bs: 51 and 42 kDa proteins; Bti: 134, 125, 67 and 27 kDa proteins) [8,9]. Nevertheless, the cost of producing these bacteria, utilizing conventional culture media (like LB, NB, NYSM, etc.), is very high. As a result, selection of other efficient, but, cost-effective substrates have alternative to, by many researchers [10,11]. The purpose of this editorial review is to investigate the feasibility of degrading keratin containing waste, disposed in mass as environmental waste, for the making of culture media to fabricate bacterial toxins (Bti and Bs). This technique helps to maintain a cleaner environment by avoiding the dumping of poultry waste.All forms of chicken feather waste (CFW) such as, filoplume, semiplume and contour from broiler chickens (Gallus gallus) were gathered from the poultry industries, rinsed with distilled water, airdried, powdered to fine powder reliability in a grinding mill and stored in packed condition at room temperatur...

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Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Microbial Bio-Pesticides from Waste Disposal of Chicken Feathers

Poopathi¹,

Murugan²

2016

Ferment Technol

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“…The higher alkalinity is attributed to deamination reactions leading to the release of ammonium and thus increase in pH and consequent increase in keratinolysis. In addition, the keratinases are generally stimulated in the presence of divalent metal ions like Mg 2+ [30][31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Optimization the Nutritional Requirements Of B Sphaericusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Bio-Mosquitocidal Production using Local Bacterial Strains of Bacillus Sphaericus

Rashad¹,

Saleh²,

Fathy³

2013

J Fertil Pestic

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Highly active local strains of B. sphaericus were used along with the reference strains 1593 and 2297 to optimize the biocide production. The optimum conditions were as follow: 20% of total flask volume, pH 7.0, inoculum size 3-5×10 4 cfu / ml, 30° C and 200 rpm/5 days. Glycerol was the best C source at 0.5%; a great suppression up to >80% with propionic acid. All tested strains failed to synthesize biocide in the presence of inorganic N as a sole source; beef extract gave the supreme yield. Mg 2+ was necessary for maximal productivity; however, Ca 2+ damaged the fermentation. The uppermost productivity was achieved from 25 g/l fodder yeast, 500 ml/l corn steep liquor and 0.3 g/l MgSO 4 as a medium. Chicken feather at 30 g/l proved to be an excellent mono component; a superlative improvement was achieved when feather (3.0%) supplemented with 0.03% of MgSO 4 .

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“…It allows for production of feather meal of improved dietary value, amino acid balance and digestibility [14,18]. Occasionally, combined chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis also proves to be advantageous [10,19]. Bacteria-mediated keratin breakdown is known to be a cumulative effect of proteolytic cleavage as well as auxiliary reducing factors, including released reduced thiols or indigenous disulfide reductase enzymes [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic Degradation of Pretreated Pig Bristles with Crude Keratinase of Bacillus cereus PCM 2849

Łaba

Chorążyk

Pudło

et al. 2016

Waste Biomass Valor

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Purpose The aim of the study was to apply and optimize the process of bioconversion of pig bristle waste using keratinolytic enzymes of Bacillus cereus PCM 2849, and to evaluate the amino acid composition of the resultant hydrolysate. Methods Hydrolysis with concentrated culture fluid of B. cereus was applied for bioconversion of pig bristles, after thermo-chemical pretreatment with sulfite. The effect of substrate concentration, sulfite concentration during pretreatment and reaction temperature on the release of amino acids was determined using Box-Behnken design. Amino acid composition of the obtained hydrolysate was determined by HPLC. Structural condition and substructural changes of the residual substrate were evaluated with SEM microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Results The applied enzymatic preparation for bristle biodegradation was verified to contain multiple proteases of a wide molecular weight range. A regression model was developed, in which influential parameters were: linear effect of substrate concentration, followed by quadratic effects of reaction temperature, substrate concentration and pretreatment. Optimum reaction conditions were also determined. The resultant hydrolysate was rich in branched-chain amino acids. Residual substrate was detriorated and sulfitolytic cleavage of disulfides and alteration of protein secondary structures was confirmed. Conclusions Application of B. cereus crude keratinase allowed for partial hydrolysis of pig bristles, preceded by sulfitolytic pretreatment. A regression model was built to describe the process of hydrolysis to release free amino acids, at constant enzyme load. Hydrolysis in given conditions allowed to obtain hydrolysate rich in branched chain amino acids. The presented process poses an alternate way of management over pig bristles, a hard-to-degrade keratinous waste.

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Effect of Enzymatic and Chemical Treatments on Feather Solubility and Digestibility

Cited by 38 publications

References 9 publications

Production of Microbial Bio-Pesticides from Waste Disposal of Chicken Feathers

Production of Microbial Bio-Pesticides from Waste Disposal of Chicken Feathers

Optimization of Bio-Mosquitocidal Production using Local Bacterial Strains of Bacillus Sphaericus

Enzymatic Degradation of Pretreated Pig Bristles with Crude Keratinase of Bacillus cereus PCM 2849

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