Effect of Enzymatic Treatment of Chrysanthemum Indicum Linné Extracts on Lipid Accumulation and Adipogenesis in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Male Mice

Abstract

Enzyme treatment of the foods and herbs has been used to improve the absorption rate the efficiency of plant extracts by converting the glycosides of the plant into aglycones. In this study, we examined the obesity-inhibitory effect of Chrysanthemum indicum Linné (CI) treated with enzymes such as viscozyme and tannase, which are highly efficient in converting glycosides to aglycones and then compared with untreated CI extract. The enzyme-treated CI ethanol extract (CIVT) was administered orally at various doses for 7 weeks in the high fat diet (HFD)-fed male mice. CIVT administration reduced the body weights, the food efficiency and the serum levels of lipid metabolism-related biomarkers, such as triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and leptin in the dose-dependent manner but not those high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and adiponectin. CIVT also reduced considerably the total lipid amount in the liver and the size of adipocytes in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). CIVT effectively downregulated the adipogenesis-related transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferation activated receptor (PPAR)-γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) but up-regulated PPAR-α, in the liver and eWAT. In addition, when compared to the enzyme-untreated CI 50% ethanol extract (CIEE), CIVT enhanced the reduction of body weight and lipid accumulation. Moreover, the viscozyme and tannase treatment of CI increased the flavonoid contents of the aglycone form. Therefore, our results support that the enzymatic treatment induced the production of aglycones for potentially suppressing the adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in HFD-fed mice. It suggests that CIVT might be an effective candidate for attenuating the over-weight and its related diseases.

Anti-Sarcopenic Obesity Effects of Lonicera caerulea Extract in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

“…Leptin can increase fatty acid oxidation [28], inhibit appetite [29], stimulate thermogenesis [30]. With the accumulation of fat, the adiponectin level is decreased, the leptin level is increased, and the insulin action is impaired, resulting in insulin resistance [31]. In present results, HB dosedependently suppressed serum concentrations of leptin but elevated serum concentrations of adiponectin in HFD-fed obese mice.…”

The Antiobesity Effects of Buginawa in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and in a Mouse Model of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity

“…According to study of dose calculation, therapeutic and 2 therapeutic doses of orlistat are 10.7 and 20 mg/kg in mice, respectively [44]. In addition, several studies on obesity also have used orlistat at 10 to 20 mg/kg [45–51]. Therefore, in our study, orlistat-treated groups were administered orlistat at 10 and 20 mg/kg.…”

Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Quality Control of Xiasangju: A Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula

“…Linarin from CI induced factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL)-regulated apoptosis via upregulating Caspases ( Xu et al, 2017 ) and p53 expression, and inhibiting NF-κB/p65 expression ( Zhen et al, 2017 ). Total triterpenes and total phenols from 95% ethanol extract of PV increased the TNF-α level, such as caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, rutin, quercetin, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid ( Feng et al, 2010 ; Lee et al, 2019 ; Zheng et al, 2022 ). Chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin, astragalin, and kaempferol from MA also recovered the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced resistance to DOX through COX-2 or p38 MAPK-mediated inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway ( Yang et al, 2020 ).…”