Effect of Experimental Parameters on the Formation of Hydrogels by Polyelectrolyte Complexation of Carboxymethylcellulose, Carboxymethyl Starch, and Alginic Acid with Chitosan

Abstract

Differences in morphology, pH, and electric charge of chitosan (CS) based hydrogels prepared by complexation with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), carboxymethylated starch (CMS), and alginic acid (AA) at different polymers ratios and changing the order of addition were studied. CMC/CS and AA/CS hydrogels were amorphous and porous three-dimensional networks, with smaller pores at higher anionic polymer/CS ratios. Gelation time increased the agglomeration in the case of CMC/CS and CMS/CS gels. CMC/CS gels showed negative zeta potential values around −372 mV to −51 mV and CMS/CS gels in the range of −526 mV and −158 mV.

Characterization and Comparative Investigation of Hydroxyapatite/Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CaHA/CMC) Matrix for Soft Tissue Augmentation in a Rat Model

“…CMC, a cellulose derivative synthesized by chemically modifying cellulose’s noncrystalline regions with alkylating reagents, is a water-soluble, biodegradable, and non-toxic material − that has exceptional film-forming capabilities. , It offers unique properties for emulsification, thermal film formation, binding, gelling, coating, suspending, and thickening. − Its polyelectrolyte nature makes it responsive to changes in the ionic strength and pH, enhancing its compatibility when combined with various polymeric substances. This property is particularly important in the preparation of hydrogels, nanoparticles, and biomaterial scaffolds for drug encapsulation. , CMC is a commonly utilized material in the fields of biotechnology, tissue engineering, and pharmaceuticals owing to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. , In regenerative medicine, CMC is extensively utilized because of its organic origin, outstanding biocompatibility, low potential to trigger inflammatory reactions, and ability to promote cell growth. , Furthermore, CMC is biodegradable and naturally eliminated from the body within 6 to 8 weeks . CMC stands out as a dermal filler gel because of its shear-thinning fluid behavior. , …”

“…This property is particularly important in the preparation of hydrogels, nanoparticles, and biomaterial scaffolds for drug encapsulation. 36 , 37 CMC is a commonly utilized material in the fields of biotechnology, tissue engineering, and pharmaceuticals owing to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. 33 , 35 In regenerative medicine, CMC is extensively utilized because of its organic origin, outstanding biocompatibility, low potential to trigger inflammatory reactions, and ability to promote cell growth.…”

The Fabrication of Alginate–Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Composites and Drug Release Profiles

“…CMC can be used in combination with other polymers. This fact is very important for the development of the matrixes for drug encapsulation for biomaterials, hydrogels, and nanoparticles [20].…”

“…CMC can be used in combination with other polymers. This fact is very important for the development of the matrixes for drug encapsulation for biomaterials, hydrogels, and nanoparticles [20]. Crosslinking of alginate and CMC may be realized by the use of various cross-linking molecules in the dependence from the demands for the precise regulation of the crosslinking degree and the degree of the gel swelling, as well as for the preparation of the hydrogel with the controllable mechanical properties.…”

Preparation and Characterizations of PSS/PDADMAC Polyelectrolyte Complex Hydrogel

“…Polyelectrolyte complex hydrogels (PEC hydrogels) belong to physical crosslinks such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, and ionic (electrostatic) interactions. Examples of PEC hydrogels include biobased hydrogels such as polysaccharide hydrogels, which can be prepared from cationic/anionic biopolymers, such as cationic/anionic polysaccharide complexes [35][36][37]. Other PEC hydrogels are synthetic polyelectrolyte complexes between an anionic polyelectrolyte such as poly (sodium-4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and a cationic polyelectrolyte such as poly (dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) [38].…”