Effect of Fall 2020 K-12 instruction types on COVID-19 cases, hospital admissions, and deaths in Illinois counties

Reinbold, Gary W.

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2021.05.011

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Ref. [ 30 ] finds that counties with hybrid or remote openings had fewer cases than those with in-person openings but finds no association of teaching modes with deaths during the first 3 wk of the school year in Illinois. Our finding on death rates does not necessarily contradict that of ref.…”

Section: Main Analysis: Dynamic Panel Regression Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association of opening K–12 schools with the spread of COVID-19 in the United States: County-level panel data analysis

Chernozhukov

Kasahara

Schrimpf

2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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This paper empirically examines how the opening of K–12 schools is associated with the spread of COVID-19 using county-level panel data in the United States. As preliminary evidence, our event-study analysis indicates that cases and deaths in counties with in-person or hybrid opening relative to those with remote opening substantially increased after the school opening date, especially for counties without any mask mandate for staff. Our main analysis uses a dynamic panel data model for case and death growth rates, where we control for dynamically evolving mitigation policies, past infection levels, and additive county-level and state-week “fixed” effects. This analysis shows that an increase in visits to both K–12 schools and colleges is associated with a subsequent increase in case and death growth rates. The estimates indicate that fully opening K–12 schools with in-person learning is associated with a 5 (SE = 2) percentage points increase in the growth rate of cases. We also find that the association of K–12 school visits or in-person school openings with case growth is stronger for counties that do not require staff to wear masks at schools. These findings support policies that promote masking and other precautionary measures at schools and giving vaccine priority to education workers.

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Section: Main Analysis: Dynamic Panel Regression Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our finding on death rates does not necessarily contradict that of ref. [ 30 ] because the 3-wk period is too short to identify the effect on deaths, whereas we examine the effect on deaths after 3 to 5 wk of openings.…”

Section: Main Analysis: Dynamic Panel Regression Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of opening K–12 schools with the spread of COVID-19 in the United States: County-level panel data analysis

Chernozhukov

Kasahara

Schrimpf

2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…They cannot fully explain the reason for the different effects across regions, but in the South infection control measures both inside and outside of school were limited. A somewhat different answer to the question of instruction mode matters for virus transmission, is reached by Reinbold (2021) who uses a synthetic control approach to study the after-summer school reopenings in Illinois. The results show that counties in which a majority of students had fully remote or hybrid instruction experienced significantly fewer new cases compared to majority in-person counties.…”

Section: Studies On the Impact On Virus Transmission And Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and School Closures

Svaleryd

Vlachos

2022

Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics

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To reduce the spread of COVID-19, schools closed to an unprecedented degree in the spring of 2020. To varying extent, students have moved between in-person and remote learning up until the spring of 2021. This chapter surveys the literature on the implications of school closures of primary to upper-secondary schools for virus transmission, student learning, and mental health among children and adolescents in high-income countries. Subject to severe methodological challenges, most studies indicate that the initial school closures at least to some extent contributed to a reduction of virus transmission. However, several studies find that schools could reopen safely, especially when substantial within-school preventive measures were implemented and the general level of transmission was moderate. Student age also matters and keeping schools open for younger students contributes less to overall virus transmission. Most studies find that students learned less and that learning inequalities widened when school closed. These patterns are particularly pronounced for younger students who face more challenges adjusting to remote instruction. Essentially nothing can be said concerning the implications for vocational training. High-quality evidence on the impact on mental health is scarce and the results are mixed, but there are some indications that older students coped better with school closures also in this regard. On balance, closing schools for younger students is less well-motivated than for older students.

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Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemic

Krishnaratne

Littlecott

Sell

et al. 2022

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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BackgroundIn response to the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 , governments have implemented a variety of measures to control the spread of the virus and the associated disease. Among these, have been measures to control the pandemic in primary and secondary school settings. ObjectivesTo assess the e ectiveness of measures implemented in the school setting to safely reopen schools, or keep schools open, or both, during the COVID-19 pandemic, with particular focus on the di erent types of measures implemented in school settings and the outcomes used to measure their impacts on transmission-related outcomes, healthcare utilisation outcomes, other health outcomes as well as societal, economic, and ecological outcomes. Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, and the Educational Resources Information Center, as well as COVID-19-specific databases, including the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and the WHO COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease (indexing preprints) on 9 December 2020. We conducted backward-citation searches with existing reviews. Selection criteriaWe considered experimental (i.e. randomised controlled trials; RCTs), quasi-experimental, observational and modelling studies assessing the e ects of measures implemented in the school setting to safely reopen schools, or keep schools open, or both, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Outcome categories were (i) transmission-related outcomes (e.g. number or proportion of cases); (ii) healthcare utilisation outcomes (e.g. number or proportion of hospitalisations); (iii) other health outcomes (e.g. physical, social and mental health); and (iv) societal, economic and ecological outcomes (e.g. costs, human resources and education). We considered studies that included any Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemic (Review)

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Effect of Fall 2020 K-12 instruction types on COVID-19 cases, hospital admissions, and deaths in Illinois counties

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

The association of opening K–12 schools with the spread of COVID-19 in the United States: County-level panel data analysis

The association of opening K–12 schools with the spread of COVID-19 in the United States: County-level panel data analysis

COVID-19 and School Closures

Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemic

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