Effect of Fat Embolism with Triolein Emulsion on Blood-Retinal Barrier

Lee, Ji Eun; Jea, Seung Youn; Oum, Boo Sup; Kim, Hak Jin; Ohn, Young-Hoon

doi:10.1159/000162112

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The results indicated that the diffuse disruption of BRB was caused by free fatty acid, which resulted from hydrolyzing neutral fat, and the interval represented time for releasing sufficient fatty acid. 3,8 However, the diffuse leakage in the late phase in the present study cannot be explained with either the mechanical injury or the fatty acid theory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…Multifocal leakage in the early phase suggests that mechanical trauma by a fat droplet would cause the endothelium damage that was shown in a previous study. 8 The FA and electroretinogram study of the cats' eyes showed that the peak time of the BRB disruption was 4 hr after the infusion of triolein. The results indicated that the diffuse disruption of BRB was caused by free fatty acid, which resulted from hydrolyzing neutral fat, and the interval represented time for releasing sufficient fatty acid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 The action mechanism of emulsified triolein on the vessel walls has previously been unknown. The exact action time of triolein emulsion on the endothelium can assist in understanding how the mechanism of triolein increases vascular permeability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the vascular permeability changes depicted at 30 min after the triolein emulsion infusion have a limitation because active leakage of fluorescein already had been observed. 8 MR images 5 also have a similar limitation, as they require several minutes of acquisition time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immediate Break-Down of Blood Retinal Barrier by Infusion of Triolein Emulsion Observed by Fluorescein Angiography

Lee¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

et al. 2011

Current Eye Research

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Immediate Break-Down of Blood Retinal Barrier by Infusion of Triolein Emulsion Observed by Fluorescein Angiography

Lee¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

et al. 2011

Current Eye Research

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“…Various degrees of perfusion defects were demonstrated in the retina and choroid. The difference in degrees was due to the various sizes of triolein emulsion droplets 18 . Stop-and-go movements of intravascular lipid drops were observed in the retinal vessels, and the perfusion defects were resolved in most areas in the late phase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional end‐arterial circulation of the choroid assessed by using fat embolism and electric circuit simulation

Lee

Ahn

Park

et al. 2016

Acta Ophthalmologica

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The discrepancy in the choroidal circulation between anatomy and function has remained unsolved for several decades. Postmortem cast studies revealed extensive anastomotic channels, but angiographic studies indicated end-arterial circulation. We carried out experimental fat embolism in cats and electric circuit simulation. Perfusion defects were observed in two categories. In the scatter perfusion defects suggesting an embolism at the terminal arterioles, fluorescein dye filled the non-perfused lobule slowly from the adjacent perfused lobule. In the segmental perfusion defects suggesting occlusion of the posterior ciliary arteries, the hypofluorescent segment became perfused by spontaneous resolution of the embolism without subsequent smaller infarction. The angiographic findings could be simulated with an electric circuit. Although electric currents flowed to the disconnected lobule, the level was very low compared with that of the connected ones. The choroid appeared to be composed of multiple sectors with no anastomosis to other sectors, but to have its own anastomotic arterioles in each sector. Blood flows through the continuous choriocapillaris bed in an end-arterial nature functionally to follow a pressure gradient due to the drainage through the collector venule.The choroid is a very special tissue, as it has the most abundant blood flow per weight in the human body and a highly complicated three-dimensional vascular structure. Choroidal circulation has been suggested to be predisposed to many diseases, including age-related macular degeneration 1, 2 , polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy A majority of our knowledge about choroidal circulation has been obtained from classical studies using autopsy and angiography. Postmortem corrosion cast studies revealed that choroidal circulation has anastomotic channels at various levels of capillaries, arterioles, and venules 6,7 . These characteristics are shared with various mammals including monkeys 6 , horses 8 , and cats 9 . In contrast, extensive angiographic studies conducted in vivo by Hayreh 10-12 indicated that the choroid has an end-arterial system. Recent advent of choroidal imaging using new technologies, such as Doppler optical coherence tomography and continuous laser-targeted angiography, affirmed the previous observations, leaving the disparity unresolved [13][14][15] . Although an autonomic nerve supply of the choroid in vivo was suggested as explanation, the discrepancy between the anatomy and the function has remained unsolved for several decades 10,12 . Flower and colleagues 16,17 suggested that the blood follows a pressure gradient in vivo based on the observations that choriocapillaris blood flow was inhomogeneous and variable upon changes in blood pressure and intraocular pressure. Although the vascular channels are interconnected in the choroid, the blood will follow pressure gradient and will be observed as an end-arterial system in angiography. A "functional end-arterial system" represents the above theory 15 . However, the theory has not been...

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Fabrication of a Nano‐Interfaced Electrochemical Triglyceride Biosensor and its Potential Application towards Distinguishing Cancer and Normal Cells

et al. 2020

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Hypertriglyceridemia, a condition characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides is considered a major risk factor of metabolic syndrome. The present work aims to develop a hybrid nano-interfaced enzymatic sensor that employs three enzymes to hydrolyze the triglycerides, phosphorylate glycerol and finally oxidize it to generate the electrochemical signal. Triolein, a common long chained triglyceride found in biological systems was employed as the substrate. The sensor displayed an excellent response time of 3 s and a linear range of 0.5 to 5.5 mM. The sensor was stable under both wet and dry conditions for 25 days. The capability of the sensor to detect triglycerides in biological samples was assessed by employing it to estimate total triglyceride levels in normal and cancer cells. Cancer cells displayed triglyceride levels distinctly higher than normal cells suggesting that this sensor can be employed for screening normal and cancer tissues apart from routine serum analysis to screen individuals with triglyceridemia and metabolic syndrome.

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Effect of Fat Embolism with Triolein Emulsion on Blood-Retinal Barrier

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Immediate Break-Down of Blood Retinal Barrier by Infusion of Triolein Emulsion Observed by Fluorescein Angiography

Immediate Break-Down of Blood Retinal Barrier by Infusion of Triolein Emulsion Observed by Fluorescein Angiography

Functional end‐arterial circulation of the choroid assessed by using fat embolism and electric circuit simulation

Fabrication of a Nano‐Interfaced Electrochemical Triglyceride Biosensor and its Potential Application towards Distinguishing Cancer and Normal Cells

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