A carbon fiber paper (CFP)‐supported CoNi layered double hydroxide (LDH)/MnOX or MnOX nanomaterial is prepared by a simple and effective two‐step electrochemical deposition process. The binder‐free CoNi LDH/MnOX/CFP exhibits enhanced electrochemical properties than that of MnOX/CFP, with a maximum capacitance of 1460 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, and an excellent capacitance retention of 87% at 4 A g−1. Notably, the CoNi LDH/MnOX composite exhibits a remarkable cycling stability with 82% capacitance retention over 20 000 cycles even at a high current density of 32 A g−1. The outstanding electrochemical performance of the CoNi LDH/MnOX/CFP can contribute to the synergistic effects of the freestanding electrode with improved electrical conductivity, electrochemical activity, and material utilization than pure MnOX. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) fabricated with a CoNi LDH/MnOX/CFP positive electrode and active carbon (AC)/CFP negative electrode displays a high energy density of 28.1 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 400 W kg−1. These encouraging results indicate that the low‐cost CoNi LDH/MnOX/CFP composite shows great potential for high‐performance energy storage applications.